Improving crop yield potential: Underlying biological processes and future prospects

Food and Energy Security, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

The growing world population and global increases in the standard of living both result an increasing demand for food, feed other plant-derived products. In coming years, plant-based research will be among major drivers ensuring food security expansion bio-based economy. Crop productivity is determined by several factors, including available physical agricultural resources, crop management, resource use efficiency, quality intrinsic yield potential chosen crop. This review focuses on potential, since understanding its determinants their biological basis allow to maximize plant's energy production. Yield a variety complex traits that integrate strictly regulated processes underlying gene regulatory networks. Due this inherent complexity, numerous targets have been identified could exploited increase yield. These encompass diverse metabolic at cellular, organ canopy level. We present overview some distinct considered crucial determination further improve future productivity.

Language: Английский

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A paler shade of green: engineering cellular chlorophyll content to enhance photosynthesis in crowded environments

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 239(5), P. 1567 - 1583

Published: June 6, 2023

Summary In natural ecosystems, plants compete for space, nutrients and light. The optically dense canopies limit the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation light often becomes a growth‐limiting factor understory. reduced availability photons in lower leaf layers is also major constraint yield potential crop monocultures. Traditionally, breeding has selected traits related to plant architecture nutrient assimilation rather than use efficiency. Leaf optical density primarily determined by tissue morphology foliar concentration photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls carotenoids). Most pigment molecules are bound light‐harvesting antenna proteins chloroplast thylakoid membranes, where they serve photon capture excitation energy transfer toward reaction centers photosystems. Engineering abundance composition been suggested as strategy improve distribution within reduce gap between theoretical field productivity. Since assembly antennas relies on several coordinated biological processes, many genetic targets available modulating cellular chlorophyll levels. this review, we outline rationale behind advantages developing pale green phenotypes describe possible approaches engineering systems.

Language: Английский

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Perspectives of improving rice photosynthesis for higher grain yield

Crop and Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. 123 - 137

Published: April 21, 2024

Many efforts have been made to enhance rice photosynthesis for higher grain yields, although such knowledge has seldom integrated into breeding programs. In this review, I first address the limitations and challenges of theory that yield is controlled by photosynthesis, a concept rooted in fact carbon forms significant part plant mass, with acting as fundamental pathway assimilation. Subsequently, discussion covers indices, their measurement techniques, establishing correlations between indices yields. The review then delves recent advancements, including leveraging natural variations, enhancing electron transport chain, augmenting efficiency ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), increasing CO2 concentration around Rubisco, initiatives like C4 project, strategies photorespiration bypass, non-leaf contributions. conclusion emphasizes future research directions advocating incorporation within broader organismic processes, unraveling complex link yield, developing efficient direct methods phenotyping, assessing photosynthetic performance under actual field conditions.

Language: Английский

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What Is the Limit of Vertical Farming Productivity?

Food and Energy Security, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2)

Published: March 1, 2025

ABSTRACT With the possibility of co‐optimizing all growth factors in vertical farming, such systems could contribute to future food supply, but potential productivity is unknown. Analyzing 171 publications with 1403 data points across 10 crop categories from controlled‐environment experiments revealed major variation among and within species. Potato produced most edible dry mass 33 g m −2 day −1 , 28 times more per layer than open‐field cultivation. High planting density crops generally showed a high productivity, while longer life cycles were less productive considering time space. The limits defined as at which optimizing return no further benefit, remain uncertain. Uncovering this limit requires systematic, standardized, scalable types.

Language: Английский

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No tillage with straw mulching enhanced radiation use efficiency of wheat via optimizing canopy radiation interception and photosynthetic properties

Field Crops Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 326, P. 109854 - 109854

Published: March 14, 2025

Language: Английский

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Genetic variation in ZmKW1 contributes to kernel weight and size in dent corn and popcorn

Plant Biotechnology Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(6), P. 1453 - 1467

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Kernel weight is a critical factor that essentially affects maize (Zea mays) yield. In natural inbred lines, popcorn kernels exhibit overtly smaller sizes compared to dent corn kernels, and kernel weight, which controlled by multiple genetic loci, varies widely. Here, we characterized major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1, responsible for controlling (qKW1) size. The qKW1 encodes protein containing seven in absentia domain with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, expressed prominently from the top middle region of endosperm. presence function were confirmed through ZmKW1 gene editing, where mutations within significantly increased consistent alterations size, while overexpression had opposite effect. acts as negative regulator size reducing both number endosperm cells impacting filling. Notably, allele

Language: Английский

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Climate change impacts on crop breeding: Targeting interacting biotic and abiotic stresses for wheat improvement

The Plant Genome, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: July 6, 2023

Abstract Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) as a staple crop is closely interwoven into the development of modern society. Its influence on culture and economic global. Recent instability in wheat markets has demonstrated its importance guaranteeing food security across national borders. Climate change threatens it interacts with multitude factors impacting production. The challenge needs to be addressed multidisciplinary perspective delivered research, private, government sectors. Many experimental studies have identified major biotic abiotic stresses production, but fewer combinations that occur simultaneously or sequentially during growth cycle. Here, we argue stress interactions, genetics genomics underlying them, been insufficiently by science community. We propose this reason for limited transfer practical feasible climate adaptation knowledge from research projects routine farming practice. To address gap, novel methodology integration can align large volumes data available breeding programs increasingly cheaper omics tools predict performance under different scenarios. Underlying our proposal breeders design deliver future ideotypes based new enhanced understanding genetic physiological processes are triggered when subjected stresses. By defining trait and/or level, insights made yield improvement conditions.

Language: Английский

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Coordination of carbon assimilation, allocation, and utilization for systemic improvement of cereal yield

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Sept. 5, 2023

The growth of yield outputs is dwindling after the first green revolution, which cannot meet demand for projected population increase by mid-century, especially with constant threat from extreme climates. Cereal requires carbon (C) assimilation in source subsequent allocation and utilization sink. However, whether or sink limits improvement, a crucial question strategic orientation future breeding cultivation, still under debate. To narrow knowledge gap capture progress, we focus on maize, rice, wheat briefly reviewing recent advances improvement modulation i) leaf photosynthesis; ii) primary C allocation, phloem loading, unloading; iii) grain storage; iv) systemic sugar signals (e.g., trehalose 6-phosphate). We highlight strategies optimizing to coordinate source-sink relationships promote yields. Finally, based understanding these physiological mechanisms, envisage scenery "smart crop" consisting flexible coordination plant economy, goal resilience field cereals crops.

Language: Английский

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Optimizing the electron transport chain to sustainably improve photosynthesis

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 193(4), P. 2398 - 2412

Published: Sept. 6, 2023

Genetically improving photosynthesis is a key strategy to boosting crop production meet the rising demand for food and fuel by rapidly growing global population in warming climate. Many components of photosynthetic apparatus have been targeted genetic modification photosynthesis. Successful translation these modifications into increased plant productivity fluctuating environments will depend on whether electron transport chain (ETC) can support rate without risking overreduction photodamage. At present atmospheric conditions, ETC appears suboptimal likely need be modified proposed improvements maintain energy balance. Here, I derive photochemical equations quantify capacity corresponding reduction level based kinetics redox reactions along ETC. Using theoretical measurements from diverse C3/C4 species across environments, identify several strategies that simultaneously increase decrease These include increasing abundances reaction centers, cytochrome b6f complexes, mobile carriers, their kinetics, decreasing fraction secondary quinone-nonreducing photosystem II centers. also shed light previously unexplained experimental findings regarding physiological impacts complex plastoquinone. The model developed, insights generated it facilitate development sustainable systems greater yields.

Language: Английский

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Modulation of Photosystem II Function in Celery via Foliar-Applied Salicylic Acid during Gradual Water Deficit Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(12), P. 6721 - 6721

Published: June 18, 2024

Water deficit is the major stress factor magnified by climate change that causes most reductions in plant productivity. Knowledge of photosystem II (PSII) response mechanisms underlying crop vulnerability to drought critical better understanding consequences on plants. Salicylic acid (SA) application under may stimulate PSII function, although exact mechanism remains essentially unclear. To reveal celery plants sprayed with water (WA) or SA, we employed chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis at 48 h, 96 and 192 h after watering. The results showed up watering, stroma lamellae SA-sprayed leaves appeared dilated, efficiency declined, compared WA-sprayed plants, which displayed a function. However, was restored, while SA boosted synthesis, ameliorating osmotic potential it resulted higher relative leaf content acting as an antioxidant stress, suppressed phototoxicity, thereby offering photoprotection, together enhanced effective quantum yield photochemistry (ΦPSII) decreased quantity singlet oxygen (1O2) generation photoprotection induced triggered non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), strategy protect chloroplast from photo-oxidative damage dissipating excess light energy heat. This photoprotective mechanism, NPQ adequate keeping, especially high-light conditions, equal fraction open reaction centers (qp) non-stress conditions. Thus, activates regulatory network partitioning signaling can mitigate, extent, functioning.

Language: Английский

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