Next-generation treatments: Immunotherapy and advanced therapies for COVID-19

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(5), P. e26423 - e26423

Published: Feb. 19, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in 2019 following prior outbreaks of coronaviruses like SARS and MERS recent decades, underscoring their high potential infectivity humans. Insights from previous have played a significant role developing effective strategies to mitigate the global impact SARS-CoV-2. As January 7, 2024, there been 774,075,242 confirmed cases worldwide. To date, 13.59 billion vaccine doses administered, 7,012,986 documented fatalities (https://www.who.int/)Despite progress addressing rapid evolution SARS-CoV-2 challenges human defenses, presenting ongoing challenges. emergence new lineages, shaped mutation recombination processes, has led successive waves infections. This scenario reveals need for next-generation vaccines as crucial requirement ensuring protection against demand calls formulations that trigger robust adaptive immune response without leading inflammation linked with infection.Key mutations detected Spike protein, critical target neutralizing antibodies design —specifically within Receptor Binding Domain region Omicron variant lineages (B.1.1.529), currently dominant worldwide, intensified concerns due association immunity evasion vaccinations infections.As world deals this evolving threat, narrative extends realm emerging variants, each displaying implications remain largely misunderstood. Notably, JN.1 lineage is gaining prevalence, early findings suggest it stands among immune-evading characteristic attributed its L455S. Moreover, detrimental consequences novel bear particularly on immunocompromised individuals older adults. Immunocompromised face such suboptimal responses vaccines, rendering them more susceptible disease. Similarly, adults an increased risk disease presence comorbid conditions, find themselves at heightened vulnerability develop Thus, recognizing these intricate factors effectively tailoring public health protect vulnerable populations. In context, review aims describe, analyze, discuss current treatments encompassing immunotherapeutic approaches advanced therapies complements will offer solutions counter disadvantages existing options. Preliminary outcomes show virus address immunomodulatory associated COVID-19. Furthermore, capacity promote tissue repair demonstrated, which can be noteworthy who stand actors landscape possess broader potential, offering wide range variants enhancing ability constant virus. are projected treatment alternatives managing Chronic Post-COVID-19 syndromeand long-term complications.

Language: Английский

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Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Military and Civilian Personnel of an Air Force Airport during Three Pandemic Waves in Italy

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(11), P. 2711 - 2711

Published: Nov. 5, 2023

We investigated SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating, from November 2020 to March 2022, among military and civilian personnel at an Air Force airport in Italy order classify viral isolates a potential hotspot for virus spread. Positive samples were subjected Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the whole genome Sanger sequencing spike coding region. Phylogenetic analysis classified traced their evolutionary relationships. Clusters identified using 70% cut-off. methods yielded comparable results terms variant classification. In 2021, we several variants, including B.1.258 (4/67), B.1.177 (9/67), Alpha (B.1.1.7, 9/67), Gamma (P.1.1, 4/67), Delta (4/67). only Omicron its sub-lineage observed (37/67). screened detect naturally occurring resistance genomic regions, target new therapies, comparing them Wuhan Hu-1 reference strain. Interestingly, 2/30 non-Omicron carried G15S 3CLpro substitution responsible reduced susceptibility protease inhibitors. On other hand, unusual substitutions A1803V, D1809N, A949T on PLpro, D216N 3CLpro. Finally, P323L RdRp regions was not associated with mutational pattern related polymerase inhibitor resistance. This study highlights importance continuous surveillance monitor evolution general population, as well restricted communities.

Language: Английский

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Analyzing the emerging patterns of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron subvariants for the development of next‐gen vaccine: An observational study

Health Science Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Understanding the prevalence and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants has assumed paramount importance. This study statistically analyzed to effectively track emergence spread highlights importance such investigations in developing potential next-gen vaccine combat continuously emerging Omicron subvariants.

Language: Английский

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WHO-classified COVID-19 ‘variant of interest’ JN.1: A community health concern in the winter and festive season

Clinical Infection in Practice, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21, P. 100348 - 100348

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Global domination of the recently VoI-classified 'JN.1′ outcompeting other variants – Comparing the vaccines’ efficacy

Clinical Infection in Practice, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22, P. 100358 - 100358

Published: April 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2024(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on rise since beginning of 2020 and turned into life‐threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried develop possible preventive therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID‐19‐recovered persons’ immunity. This study aims review immunization SARS‐CoV‐2, along with exploring interventions been developed for prevention SARS‐CoV‐2. also highlighted role phototherapy in treating SARS‐CoV infection. The adopted approach gathering information available progress has made treatment COVID‐19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, vector‐based vaccines, as well attenuated inactivated forms already shown prophylactic efficacy Middle East coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) SARS‐CoV, summarized. Neutralizing non‐neutralizing antibodies are all associated viral infections. Because there no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies coronaviruses, main strategy supportive care, which reinforced combining broad‐spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, corticosteroids. COVID‐19 challenge keep reconsidering usual approaches regulatory evaluation result getting mixed complicated findings licensing procedures. However, it medicinal herbs play an important infection upper tract, principal symptom due their natural bioactive composite. some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens nephrotoxins toxicological properties majority herbal remedies unknown. Therefore, treat conventional treatment, recommended herb‐drug interaction examined thoroughly.

Language: Английский

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The flow of humanitarian aids is the urgency to address food security and health safety in the Gaza Strip: an open call

International Journal of Surgery Global Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 7(6)

Published: Oct. 17, 2024

Dear Editor, Table 1 - Reported communicable diseases in the Gaza Strip population since October 2023. Disease Cases Skin rash 12 635 Upper respiratory infections 54 866 Diarrhea 33 551 Scabies, lice/ticks 8944 Chickenpox 1005 The ongoing armed conflict of Israel-Palestine mainly strip it broke on 7, 2023 is a severe threat to region. A matter greater concern public health devastated city, and entire area humanitarian disaster zone. deaths worries there continue rise as war persists for this long. Further, resulting extreme overcrowding disrupted health, water sanitation services intensify perceptions. Reportedly, nearly 725 000 civilians 149 UNRWA facilities, about 131 134 94 non-UNRWA schools host families, 122 shelter hospitals, churches other buildings. There only one shower every 4500 people toilet 220 an average today [1]. Such shabby affairs provide conducive environment inevitable spread infectious leading potentially endemic situation. situation gradually becoming grimmer rapidly among increasing disease transmission risk quite critical almost 1.5 million displaced across Gaza, especially hugely crowded shelters with pitiable access hygiene, safe potable [2]. Eventually, bacterial like diarrhea may due regular consumption unhealthy contaminated water. This region has reported skin rash, upper infections, (over half whom were 5-year old children or younger) diarrhea, scabies lice/ticks, chickenpox cases mid 2023[2]. These numbers confirmed are 25 times higher compared what was prior that still ongoing. Meningitis hepatitis also suspected. timely preventive/therapeutic interventions shambles routine vaccination programme would likely further complicate scenario, increase accelerate diseases. Incomplete surveillance coverage, limited internet could constrain ability detect potential outbreaks early invoke effective countermeasure[2]. dwindling fossil fuel availability forced shutting down desalinization plants solid waste collection, create rapid widely proliferating disease-carrying insects rodent pests. strained supply cleaning (hygiene sanitation) products coupled system have made impossible maintain basic prevention control measures substantially infection arising from trauma, surgery, wound care childbirth. Worsening lack personnel protective gears healthcare workers lead them acquiring transmitting nosocomial during patient-care[2]. Disrupted management biomedical wastes at hospitals being exposed hazardous materials infections. shortage fuel, medical oxygen essential needs besides food security patients caretakers, facilities (like medicals, clinics diagnostic labs) seems be going out hand. rely heavily volunteers threadbare nursing staff capacity[3]. As result, common cause mortality. It note that, 82 COVID-19 400 2022. In recent time, many SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating globally[4-6]. again making additional challenge will even more susceptible contracting they face issues security, malnutrition inclement cold weather. currently over 50 expecting ladies 337 under age 5 Gaza. Therefore, water, supplies aids urgently needed. Nearly 2.2 classified Phase 3 above (crisis worse) between 8 December 7 February 2024 (Figure 1), per IPC's (Integrated Food Security Nutrition Classification) Acute Insecurity Classification[7]. hygiene sanitation, service infrastructure all damaged destroyed owing long war, thereby limiting capacity address outbreaks. UNICEF projects most life-threatening form known "child wasting" shall affect 10 (a 30% pre-war situation) next few weeks critically vulnerable 335 5[8].Figure 1.: Classified (8 2023–7 2024).[ ] Malnutrition person's imbalanced (deficient excess) nutrient-intake. Under-nutrition, inadequate vitamins minerals intake overweight/obesity conditions result diet-related noncommunicable life-style cardiac (including stroke), diabetes specific cancers. An estimated 37 years overweight obese suffered stunting 2022[9]. Globally, under-nutrition reportedly primary 50% less, mostly occurring low- middle-income countries. Worldwide, nation malnutrition. bigger global forms malnutrition, women, infants, adolescents particularly risk. socio-economically backward community more-likely affected population. latest IPC report, crisis worse levels acute insecurity (the exact figure standing million)[7]. starving sick convalescing individual various including ones. While already suffers food, necessary medication adequate insufficiency, relies thrive, famine turn terrible catastrophe. Limited assistance been managed delivered by UN, international agencies non-governmental organizations NGOs) so far. However, falls far too short need prevent lethal hunger, combo[8]. Also, alone not meet clean severely northern too. increases pneumonia measles breast-feeding mother, settings life-saving shambles. With daily situation, faces "food catastrophe" looming large[7]. high rising hunger crisis, acutely children, pregnant, breastfeeding women elderly. Dedicated human wellbeing, WHO leads champions efforts everywhere share all, equitable healthy life. its partners, strives scale up flexible systems numerous existing (that escaped devastation yet) strip. such concerning scenario current trends, stronger countermeasures back-ups suggested sake humanity.

Language: Английский

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Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Uganda in the Era of COVID-19 Vaccination

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1860 - 1860

Published: Nov. 29, 2024

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has heightened concerns about vaccine efficacy, posing challenges in controlling the spread COVID-19. As part COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Variants (COVVAR) study Uganda, this aimed to genotype characterize patients with COVID-19-like symptoms who tested positive on a real-time PCR. Amplicon deep sequencing was performed 163 oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs collected from symptomatic patients. Genome assembly, lineage classification phylogenetic analysis using Edge Bioinformatics pipeline version 2.4.0, Pangolin 4.3.1 iqtree 2.3.6 software respectively. Of sequences analyzed between April 2023 March 2024, most common were XBB.1 lineages sublineages (113, 69.3%), followed by JN.1* (12, 7.4%), XBB.2* (11, 6.7%) FL* 6.7%), EG* (7, 4.3%), others (BQ.1.1, FY.4.1, FY.4.1.2, GY.2.1, HK.27.1) (5, 3.1%) CM* (4, 2.5%). XBB.1* dominated July 2023; thereafter, other variants, including increasingly detected. There no statistically significant association status assignment (Fisher’s exact test, p-value = 0.994). Our findings showed that Omicron variant, specifically lineage, dominant circulating virus. However, JN.1 variant exhibits spike protein mutation profile could impact transmission Uganda.

Language: Английский

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Role of nutraceuticals in viral infections as immunomodulators: A comprehensive review

eFood, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(5)

Published: Aug. 26, 2024

Abstract Nutraceuticals are dietary supplements produced from food sources that intended to improve health through immune system modulation or by helping prevent and treat a variety of ailments. Their anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant qualities well recognized. In certain instances, they even show direct microbiological efficacy against viral infections. Because their special capacity, may be able help slow the spread effects very infectious illnesses, such as pandemics like COVID‐19. work infections because number intricate processes. Reducing harm do is one main effects. have power stimulate activate system, improving body's capacity identify eliminate Additionally, essential in reducing oxidative damage, which can result serious consequences frequently intensified during also strengthen immunity promoting regulatory T cell differentiation proliferation, crucial for preserving homeostasis limiting hyperinflammatory reactions. They control production proinflammatory cytokines, helps avoid cytokine storms seriously tissue. This regulation lowers danger hyperinflammation enhances overall results supporting balanced response. Through biochemical mechanisms, nutraceuticals defenses promote more effective efficient response regulating activities, stress reduction, pathway activation. Furthermore, interacting with different cellular signaling pathways, affect synthesis function important components. study clarifies molecular processes behind immunomodulatory nutraceuticals, highlighting role both treating preventing

Language: Английский

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