Translational Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Dec. 24, 2024
Abstract
Endosomes
are
crucial
sites
for
intracellular
material
sorting
and
transportation.
Endosomal
transport
is
a
critical
process
involved
in
the
selective
uptake,
processing,
of
substances.
The
equilibrium
between
endocytosis
circulation
mediated
by
endosome-centered
pathway
plays
significant
role
cell
homeostasis,
signal
transduction,
immune
response.
In
recent
years,
there
have
been
hints
linking
endosomal
abnormalities
to
neurodegenerative
diseases,
including
Alzheimer's
disease.
Nonetheless,
related
mechanisms
remain
unclear.
Here,
we
provide
an
overview
endosomal-centered
pathways
highlight
potential
physiological
processes
regulated
these
pathways,
with
particular
focus
on
correlation
trafficking
disorders
common
pathological
features
diseases.
Additionally,
summarize
therapeutic
agents
targeting
treatment
Graphical
abstract
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 8, 2024
The
increasing
life
expectancy
has
led
to
a
higher
incidence
of
age-related
neurodegenerative
conditions.
Within
this
framework,
neuroinflammation
emerges
as
significant
contributing
factor.
It
involves
the
activation
microglia
and
astrocytes,
leading
release
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
chemokines
infiltration
peripheral
leukocytes
into
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
These
instances
result
in
neuronal
damage
neurodegeneration
through
activated
nucleotide-binding
domain
leucine-rich
repeat
containing
(NLR)
family
pyrin
protein
3
(NLRP3)
nuclear
factor
kappa
B
(NF-kB)
pathways
decreased
erythroid
2-related
2
(Nrf2)
activity.
Due
limited
effectiveness
regarding
inhibition
neuroinflammatory
targets
using
conventional
drugs,
there
is
challenging
growth
search
for
innovative
therapies
alleviating
CNS
diseases
or
even
before
their
onset.
Our
results
indicate
that
interventions
focusing
on
Interleukin-Driven
Immunomodulation,
Chemokine
(CXC)
Receptor
Signaling
Expression,
Cold
Exposure,
Fibrin-Targeted
strategies
significantly
promise
mitigate
processes.
approaches
demonstrate
potential
anti-neuroinflammatory
effects,
addressing
conditions
such
Multiple
Sclerosis,
Experimental
autoimmune
encephalomyelitis,
Parkinson’s
Disease,
Alzheimer’s
Disease.
While
findings
are
promising,
immunomodulatory
often
face
limitations
due
Immune-Related
Adverse
Events.
Therefore,
conduction
randomized
clinical
trials
matter
mandatory,
will
pave
way
promising
future
development
new
medicines
with
specific
therapeutic
targets.
Immunity Inflammation and Disease,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(4)
Published: April 1, 2023
Abstract
Toll‐like
receptors
(TLRs)
are
a
family
of
pattern‐recognition
triggered
by
pathogen‐derived
and
tissue‐damage‐related
ligands.
TLRs
were
previously
believed
to
only
be
expressed
in
immune
cells.
However,
it
is
now
confirmed
that
they
ubiquitously
cells
within
the
body
including
neurons,
astrocytes,
microglia
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Activation
capable
inducing
immunologic
inflammatory
responses
injury
or
infection
CNS.
This
response
self‐limiting
usually
resolves
once
has
been
eradicated
tissue
damage
repaired.
persistence
inflammation‐inducing
insults
failure
normal
resolution
mechanisms
may
result
overwhelming
inflammation
which
induce
neurodegeneration.
implies
play
role
mediating
link
between
neurodegenerative
diseases
namely
Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
Huntington's
stroke,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis.
So,
new
therapeutic
approaches
specifically
target
developed
better
understanding
TLR
expression
CNS
their
connections
particular
disorders.
Therefore,
this
review
paper
discussed
diseases.
Lara D. Veeken,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
63(SI), P. SI4 - SI13
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
Abstract
Antibodies
against
phospholipid
(aPL)-binding
proteins,
in
particular,
beta
2
glycoprotein
I
(β2GPI),
are
diagnostic/classification
and
pathogenic
antibodies
antiphospholipid
syndrome
(APS).
β2GPI-aPL
recognize
their
target
on
endothelium
trigger
a
pro-thrombotic
phenotype
which
is
amplified
by
circulating
monocytes,
platelets
neutrophils.
Complement
activation
required
as
supported
the
lack
of
aPL-mediated
effects
animal
models
when
complement
cascade
blocked.
The
final
result
localized
clot.
A
strong
generalized
inflammatory
response
associated
with
catastrophic
APS,
clinical
variant
characterized
systemic
thrombotic
microangiopathy.
two-hit
hypothesis
was
suggested
to
explain
why
persistent
aPL
acute
events
only
second
hit
allows
antibody/complement
binding
modulating
β2GPI
tissue
presentation.
β2GPI/β2GPI-aPL
also
responsible
for
obstetric
being
molecule
physiologically
present
placental/decidual
tissues.
Additional
mechanisms
mediated
different
characteristics
have
been
reported,
but
diagnostic/prognostic
value
still
matter
research.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Aug. 21, 2024
Introduction
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD),
a
major
cause
of
dementia
globally,
imposes
significant
societal
and
personal
costs.
This
review
explores
the
efficacy
physical
exercise
as
non-pharmacological
intervention
to
mitigate
impacts
AD.
Methods
draws
on
recent
studies
that
investigate
effects
neuroinflammation
neuronal
enhancement
in
individuals
with
Results
Consistent
alters
neuroinflammatory
pathways,
enhances
cognitive
functions,
bolsters
brain
health
among
AD
patients.
It
favorably
influences
activation
states
microglia
astrocytes,
fortifies
integrity
blood-brain
barrier,
attenuates
gut
inflammation
associated
These
changes
are
substantial
improvements
performance
indicators.
Discussion
The
findings
underscore
potential
integrating
into
comprehensive
management
strategies.
Emphasizing
necessity
for
further
research,
this
advocates
refinement
regimens
maximize
their
enduring
benefits
decelerating
progression
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
30(3), P. 687 - 687
Published: Feb. 4, 2025
Changes
in
population
demographics
indicate
that
the
elderly
will
reach
2.1
billion
worldwide
by
2050.
In
parallel,
there
be
an
increase
neurodegenerative
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer’s
and
Parkinson’s.
This
review
explores
dysbiosis
occurring
these
pathologies
how
virulence
factors
contribute
to
worsening
or
development
of
clinical
conditions,
it
summarizes
existing
potential
ways
combat
microorganisms
related
diseases.
Microbiota
imbalances
can
progression
increasing
intestinal
permeability,
exchanging
information
through
innervation,
even
acting
a
Trojan
horse
affecting
immune
cells.
The
microbiota
produce
protect
themselves
from
host
defenses,
many
which
These
are
expressed
according
genetic
composition
each
microorganism,
leading
wide
range
considered.
Among
main
LPS,
urease,
curli
proteins,
amyloidogenic
VacA,
CagA.
also
packed
into
bacterial
outer
membrane
vesicles,
transport
RNA,
DNA,
enabling
distal
communication
impacts
various
diseases,
including
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Feb. 17, 2025
Human
longevity
is
a
sex-biased
process
in
which
sex
chromosomes
and
sex-specific
immunity
may
play
crucial
role
the
health
lifespan
disparities
between
men
women.
Generally,
women
have
higher
life
expectancy
than
men,
exhibiting
lower
infection
rates
for
broad
range
of
pathogens,
results
prevalence
female
centenarians
compared
to
males.
Investigation
immunological
changes
that
occur
during
healthy
aging,
while
taking
into
account
differences
sexes,
can
significantly
enhance
our
understanding
mechanisms
underlie
longevity.
In
this
review,
we
aim
summarize
current
knowledge
on
sexual
dimorphism
human
immune
system
gut
microbiome
with
particular
focus
centenarians,
based
exclusively
data.
