The outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron lineages, immune escape, and vaccine effectivity

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95(1)

Published: Sept. 13, 2022

As of November 2021, several SARS-CoV-2 variants appeared and became dominant epidemic strains in many countries, including five concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron defined by the World Health Organization during COVID-19 pandemic. August 2022, is classified into main lineages, BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5 some sublineages (BA.1.1, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.11, BA.2.75, BA.4.6) (https://www.gisaid.org/). Compared to previous VOCs (Alpha, Delta), all lineages have most highly mutations spike protein, with 50 accumulated throughout genome. Early data indicated that BA.2 sublineage had higher infectivity more immune escape than early wild-type (WT) strain, VOCs, BA.1. Recently, global surveillance suggest a transmissibility BA.4/BA.5 BA.1.1 becoming strain countries globally.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 42(12), P. 113444 - 113444

Published: Nov. 18, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant of concern, first identified in November 2021, rapidly spread worldwide and diversified into several subvariants. spike (S) protein accumulated an unprecedented number sequence changes relative to previous variants. In this review, we discuss how S structural features modulate host cell receptor binding, virus entry, immune evasion highlight these differentiate from We also examine key properties track across the still-evolving subvariants importance continuing surveillance evolution over time.

Language: Английский

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Molecular Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Genes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 407 - 407

Published: Feb. 4, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) produced diverse molecular variants during its recent expansion in humans that caused different transmissibility and severity of the associated disease as well resistance to monoclonal antibodies polyclonal sera, among other treatments. In order understand causes consequences observed SARS-CoV-2 diversity, a variety studies investigated evolution this virus humans. general, evolves with moderate rate evolution, 10

Language: Английский

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Impact of Paxlovid on in-hospital outcomes and post-COVID-19 condition in adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: A non-randomized controlled clinical trial

Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 102(51), P. e36714 - e36714

Published: Dec. 22, 2023

Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) have been used in the treatment of adult patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate impact Paxlovid on in-hospital outcomes and post-COVID-19 condition Chinese infected severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant.This non-randomized clinical controlled trial recruited SARS-CoV-2 variant from designated hospital for treating COVID-19 between November 5 28, 2022, Shijiazhuang, China. Participants were administered (300 mg nirmatrelvir 100 orally) or standard treatment. The primary outcome was nucleic acid shedding time condition.A total 320 included, mean age 29.10 ± 7.34 years old. Two hundred received Paxlovid. Compared group, those group had a significantly shorter (3.26 1.80 vs 7.75 3.68 days, P < .001), days until negative swab test (1.74 1.15 5.33 2.91, first symptoms resolution (4.86 1.62 7.45 2.63, higher rate within 3 [138 (70.77%) 14 (11.67%), .001], [174 (89.23%) 26 (21.67%), 7 [185 (94.87%) 78 (65.00%), less likely [32 (18.60%) 30 (31.57%), = .016]. There no significant difference duration (43.00 26.00 49.00 26.34 .354) groups.Compared treatment, reduced time, test, resolution, as well improved condition.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants exhibit distinct fusogenicity, but similar sensitivity, to pan-CoV fusion inhibitors

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Feb. 7, 2023

Continuous emergence of the Omicron variant, along with its subvariants, has caused an increasing number infections, reinfections, and vaccine-breakthrough seriously threatening human health. Recently, several new such as BA.5, BA.2.75, BA.4.6, BF.7, bearing distinct mutation profiles in their spike (S) proteins, have significantly increased capacity to evade vaccine-induced immunity shown enhanced infectivity transmissibility, quickly becoming dominant sublineages. In this study, we found S proteins these subvariants 2- 4-fold more efficient membrane fusion kinetics than that original variant (BA.1), indicating novel might possess pathogenicity. We also identified peptide-based pan-CoV inhibitors, EK1 EK1C4, showed equal efficacy against mediated by noted infection pseudoviruses. Additionally, either immune sera induced wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 RBD-based vaccine or BA.2 convalescent potent synergism both WT various further suggesting EK1-based inhibitors are promising candidates for development clinical antiviral agents currently circulating subvariants.

Language: Английский

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Cationic crosslinked carbon dots-adjuvanted intranasal vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron-included SARS-CoV-2 variants

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: May 9, 2023

Abstract Mucosal immunity plays a significant role in the first-line defense against viruses transmitted and infected through respiratory system, such as SARS-CoV-2. However, lack of effective safe adjuvants currently limits development COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. In current study, we prepare an intranasal vaccine containing cationic crosslinked carbon dots (CCD) SARS-CoV-2 antigen, RBD-HR with spontaneous antigen particlization. Intranasal immunization CCD/RBD-HR induces high levels antibodies broad-spectrum neutralization authentic viruses/pseudoviruses Omicron-included variants protects immunized female BALB/c mice from Omicron infection. Despite strong systemic cellular immune response stimulation, also potent determined by generation tissue-resident T cells lungs airway. Moreover, not only activates professional antigen-presenting (APCs), dendritic cells, but effectively targets nasal epithelial promotes binding via sialic acid, surprisingly provokes cells. We demonstrate that CCD is promising adjuvant for provoking might be candidate many types infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Transmission Characteristics and Inactivated Vaccine Effectiveness Against Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Variants in Urumqi, China

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(3), P. e235755 - e235755

Published: March 30, 2023

Importance In 2022, Omicron variants circulated globally, and Urumqi, China, experienced a COVID-19 outbreak seeded by BA.5 variants, resulting in the highest number of infections city’s record before exit zero strategy. Little was known about characteristics mainland China. Objective To evaluate transmission effectiveness inactivated vaccine (mainly BBIBP-CorV) against their transmission. Design, Setting, Participants This cohort study conducted using data from an Omicron-seeded Urumqi August 7 to September 7, 2022. included all individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 close contacts identified between 2022 Urumqi. Exposures A booster dose compared vs 2 doses (reference level) risk factors were evaluated. Main Outcomes Measures Demographic characteristics, timeline records exposure laboratory testing outcomes, contact tracing history, setting obtained. The mean variance key time-to-event intervals estimated for information. Transmission risks patterns assessed under different disease-control measures settings. multivariate logistic regression models. Results Among 1139 diagnosed (630 females [55.3%]; [SD] age, 37.4 [19.9] years) 51 323 who tested negative (26 299 [51.2%]; 38.4 [16.0] years), means generation interval, viral shedding period, incubation period at 2.8 days (95% credible interval [CrI], 2.4-3.5 days), 6.7 CrI, 6.4-7.1 5.7 4.8-6.6 respectively. Despite tracing, intensive control measures, high coverage (980 [86.0%] received ≥2 vaccine), found household settings (secondary attack rate, 14.7%; 95% 13.0%-16.5%) younger (aged 0-15 years; secondary 2.5%; 1.9%-3.1%) older age &amp;gt;65 2.2%; 1.5%-3.0%) groups. Vaccine variant booster-dose 28.9% 7.7%-45.2%) 48.5% 23.9%-61.4%) 15-90 after dose. No protective outcome detected beyond 90 Conclusions Relevance revealed as they evolved, well variants. These findings suggest importance continuously evaluating emerging

Language: Английский

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Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Journal of Infection, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 88(3), P. 106121 - 106121

Published: Feb. 16, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged global economy and human health. spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in viral entry binding to host cell receptors. Additionally, it acts as primary target for neutralizing antibodies those infected is central focus currently utilized or researched vaccines. During virus's adaptation host, S SARS-CoV-2 undergone significant evolution. As pandemic unfolded, new mutations have arisen vanished, giving rise distinctive amino acid profiles within variant concern strains SARS-CoV-2. Notably, many these changes been positively selected, leading substantial alterations characteristics, such heightened transmissibility immune evasion capabilities. This review aims provide an overview our current understanding structural implications associated with key These research findings shed light on intricate dynamic nature evolution, underscoring importance continuous monitoring analysis genomes. Through molecular-level investigations, we can attain deeper insights into adaptive offering valuable guidance designing vaccines developing antiviral drugs combat ever-evolving threats.

Language: Английский

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A recombinant spike‐XBB.1.5 protein vaccine induces broad‐spectrum immune responses against XBB.1.5‐included Omicron variants of SARS‐CoV‐2

MedComm, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(3)

Published: April 26, 2023

The XBB.1.5 subvariant has drawn great attention owing to its exceptionality in immune evasion and transmissibility. Therefore, it is essential develop a universally protective coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine against various strains of Omicron, especially XBB.1.5. In this study, we evaluated compared the responses induced by six different spike protein vaccines targeting ancestral or Omicron severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mice. We found that spike-wild-type immunization high titers neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) SARS-CoV-2. However, activity subvariants decreased sharply as number mutations receptor-binding domain (RBD) these viruses increased. Spike-BA.5, spike-BF.7, spike-BQ.1.1 strong NAbs BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.1 but were poor protecting XBB XBB.1.5, which have more RBD mutations. sharp contrast, spike-XBB.1.5 vaccination can activate broadly other common Omicron. By performing correlation analysis, negatively correlated with subvariants. Vaccines effectively overcome resistance caused accumulation mutations, making most promising candidate universal variants.

Language: Английский

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Luteolin-rich fraction from Perilla frutescens seed meal inhibits spike glycoprotein S1 of SARS-CoV-2-induced NLRP3 inflammasome lung cell inflammation via regulation of JAK1/STAT3 pathway: A potential anti-inflammatory compound against inflammation-induced long-COVID

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

The multi-systemic inflammation as a result of COVID-19 can persevere long after the initial symptoms illness have subsided. These effects are referred to Long-COVID. Our research focused on contribution Spike protein S1 subunit SARS-CoV-2 (Spike S1) lung mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome machinery and cytokine releases, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, IL-18, in epithelial cells. This study has attempted identify naturally- occurring agents that act against inflammation-related long-COVID. seed meal Perilla frutescens (P. frutescens), which contains two major dietary polyphenols (rosmarinic acid luteolin), been reported exhibit anti-inflammation activities. Therefore, we established ethyl acetate fraction P. (PFEA) determined its anti-inflammatory exposure A549 cells.PFEA was using solvent-partitioned extraction. Rosmarinic (Ra) luteolin (Lu) PFEA were identified HPLC technique. inhibitory active compounds S1-induced inflammatory response cells RT-PCR ELISA. mechanistic properties Lu western blot technique.PFEA found contain Ra (388.70 ± 11.12 mg/g extract) (248.82 12.34 polyphenols. Accordingly, pre-treated with (12.5-100 μg/mL) (2.5-20 prior at 100 ng/mL. dose-dependently exhibited upon S1-exposed through IL-6, IL-1β, gene suppressions, well IL-18 releases statistical significance (p < 0.05). Importantly, possesses superior when compared 0.01). Mechanistically, effectively attenuated downregulation JAK1/STAT3-inflammasome-dependent pathway evidenced NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1 components modulating phosphorylation JAK1 STAT3 proteins 0.05).The findings suggested modulate signaling cascades regulate during incidence Consequently, may be introduced potential candidates preventive therapeutic strategy for post-acute sequelae COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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