Advancements and Challenges in Addressing Zoonotic Viral Infections with Epidemic and Pandemic Threats

Viruses, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 352 - 352

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

Zoonotic viruses have significant pandemic potential, as evidenced by the coronavirus pandemic, which underscores that zoonotic infections historically caused numerous outbreaks and millions of deaths over centuries. induce types illnesses in their natural hosts. These are transmitted to humans via biological vectors, direct contact with infected animals or bites, aerosols. continuously evolve adapt human hosts, resulting devastating consequences. It is very important understand pathogenesis pathways associated viral across various hosts develop countermeasure strategies accordingly. In this review, we briefly discuss advancements diagnostics therapeutics for infections. provides insight into recent outbreaks, dynamics, licensed vaccines, well vaccine candidates progressing clinical investigations. Despite advancements, challenges persist combating due immune evasion, unpredicted complexity responses. Most these lack effective treatments relying entirely on supportive care preventive measures. Exposure animal reservoirs, limited access, insufficient coverage further pose efforts. This review highlights critical need ongoing interdisciplinary research collaboration strengthen preparedness response against emerging infectious threats.

Language: Английский

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Interplay of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus and the host intrinsic and innate immunity

Veterinary Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 56(1)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Abstract Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a novel HKU2-related of bat origin, is newly emerged swine enteropathogenic that causes severe in piglets. SADS-CoV has broad cell tropism with the capability to infect wide variety cells from human and diverse animals, which implicates its ability hold high risks cross-species transmission. The intracellular antiviral immunity, comprised intrinsic innate represents first line host defence against viral infection prior onset adaptive immunity. To date, there are no vaccines drugs approved prevent or treat infection. Understanding mutual relationship between immunity crucial for development SADS-CoV. Here, we review recent advancements our understanding interplay extensive in-depth investigation on their interactive will contribute identification new targets developing intervention strategies control

Language: Английский

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Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus: An Overview of Virus Structure and Virus–Host Interactions

Animals, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 149 - 149

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

SADS-CoV, a recently identified Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-associated swine coronavirus, is malignant pathogen that causes acute diarrhea, severe and weight loss in infected piglets. The virus was first detected Guangdong Province, China, 2017 has since been observed Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi Provinces. In 2023, the Henan inland China. This can infect various cell lines, including human showing significant potential for cross-species transmission posing possible zoonotic threat. However, molecular biology of SADS-CoV remains largely unknown, there are no commercially available therapeutics or vaccines to prevent infection. this review, an update on progress research provided, with focus history outbreaks, characteristics virus, its interactions host, developments vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Target enrichment metaviromics enables comprehensive surveillance of coronaviruses in environmental and animal samples

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. e31556 - e31556

Published: May 19, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding role animals in transmission coronaviruses (CoVs) and their impact on human health. A One Health approach, integrating human, animal, environmental health, is essential for effective CoVs control. Next-generation sequencing played a pivotal identifying monitoring evolution novel strains, like SARS-CoV-2. However, viral occurrence diversity studies animal samples are challenging because complexity communities low abundance viruses these samples. Target enrichment (TES) emerged as valuable tool investigating families This approach involves specific capture genomes using sequence-specific probes, thereby enhancing efficiency detection characterization. In this study, we aimed to develop validate TES panel study various complex derived results demonstrated panel's effectiveness capturing wide providing insights into host urban wastewater, farm corpses lixiviates bat guano sewage samples, were detected solely when was employed while species achieved 2 out 4 showing an almost three-logarithmic increase number reads obtained comparison with untargeted approach. For lixiviates, only application enabled acquisition reads. information can significantly contribute early detection, surveillance, control measures CoVs, including discovery potential spillover events. Additionally, shows studying other significant different populations.

Language: Английский

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Coronaviruses Among Swine Workers in Northern Vietnam

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(4)

Published: April 1, 2024

Dear Editor, The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the significant clinical relevance of coronaviruses, and emergence these pathogens been associated with zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs [1]. This prompted enhanced surveillance for novel viral isolates especially in critical spillover settings, particularly at human–animal interface. Coronaviruses circulate many species mammals, including pigs, while not well understood, recent evidence suggests that swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) may be spilling over into human population. For instance, a study reported spillovers porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) children Haiti undifferentiated febrile illness, suggesting PDCoV possesses ability to infect humans [2]. Another SCoV drawn much attention its potential nature is acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). While humans, SADS-CoV can various cell lines, also experimental animals [3]. Together, studies suggest SCoVs have become an emerging threat health. To further understand prevalence CoVs, we conducted CoVs among workers northern Vietnam. From June 2019 May 2020, as part influenza A virus study, collected nasal washes 401 on five farms Vietnam previously described [4, 5]. Briefly, team members performed monthly sampling visits each farm and, after consent, by injecting 5 mL sterile water one nostril collecting expressed fluid. Samples were then transported National Institute Veterinary Research (NIVR) where they aliquoted stored −80°C until shipped University Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) study. Human subject research was approved ethics committees Duke University, Duke-NUS School, Hanoi Public Health, Hanoi, Institutional Animal Care Use Committee approval granted University. RNA extraction using QIAamp Viral mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) either hand or QIACube Connect per manufacturer's instructions. Extracted samples screened gel-based conventional semi-nested RT-PCR targeting RNA-dependent polymerase (RdRp) genome [6] Superscript III Platinum One-Step System Taq DNA Polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA). positive sent amplicon sequencing assessed sequence similarity other Center Biotechnology–Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (NCBI Blast). Phylogenetic analysis Geneious Prime software V 2023.2.1 (Dotmatics, Boston, Massachusetts). Three (0.75%) had molecular CoVs. sequences NCBI blast showed close identity 229E strain 229E/Russia/SPE-RII-25806S/2021 (Figure 1). No There little information seasonal CoV strains, 229E, Vietnamese populations. However, low (~1% prevalence) this within range OC43 NL63, limited adult populations [7, 8]. Despite us studying prospectively course year, did detect any SCoVs. Although test it possible herds low. Interestingly, detections respiratory diseases Influenza [5] D [4] their despite seeing high viruses poultry same areas [5]. there workers, possibly swine, potentially due increased biosecurity protocols [4]. Regardless, future should conducting larger cohort livestock humans. Laura A. Pulscher: Writing – original draft; Methodology; Investigation; Validation; Formal analysis; Data curation. Duy Tung Dao: curation; review editing. Samantha G. Cody: Methodology. Victor DelPrincipe: Investigation. Gregory C. Gray: Conceptualization; Supervision; editing; Funding acquisition. We thank numerous collaborating staff virology laboratory Vietnam, Sub-Department Health provincial level Quang Ninh, Lao Cai, Bac Giang who made possible. Dr. Lyudmyla Maruschak, Diego Silva, Teresa Peret, Madeline Steck, Angelica Morgan assisted some parts UTMB. Lastly, would like owners permitting conduct sampling. authors declare no conflicts interest.

Language: Английский

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From knowledge to action: understanding Ghanaian physicians responses to COVID-19 pandemic threats

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 2132 - 2144

Published: May 30, 2024

Background: This study, conducted with meticulous care, aimed to determine the knowledge, perception, and preparedness of Ghanaian physicians towards a pandemic or another wave COVID-19. Methods: The between May July 2023, used robust methodology included comprehensive questionnaire. questionnaire was distributed through Facebook, WhatsApp, other social media links, ensuring broad reach diverse participation. Results: A total 777 responded, participation from all 16 regions Ghana. Of these, 372 (47.9%) were males, while 405 females (52.1%). survey, consisting 55 questions about COVID-19 29 21 preparedness, designed capture understanding. study’s inclusion criteria limited who had direct contact patients in medical facility settings. findings revealed that ranked high regarding their knowledge However, readiness face challenge observed at 47% progress. In comparison, 43% responded as done, 10% not being unaware current situation preparedness. Conclusions: conclusion, this study sheds light on nuanced responses threats, emphasizing critical role shaping actions. Through qualitative exploration, we discerned spectrum reactions ranging proactive measures adaptive strategies navigating uncertainties crisis. Ghana needs blueprint for management.

Language: Английский

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Pork as a Source of Diverse Viral Foodborne Infections: An Escalating Issue

Diversity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 679 - 679

Published: Nov. 6, 2024

This review synthesizes current knowledge on the risks posed by viral foodborne infections associated with pork, emphasizing their global prevalence and complexity of managing such pathogens. It covers a range significant viruses, including hepatitis A E, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus. The role pigs as reservoirs for diverse pathogens zoonotic potential further complicates safety challenges, extending to individuals involved in pork production processing. Various factors influencing contamination throughout meat chain are explored, from farm-level practices processing handling procedures. Emphasis is placed critical importance implementing effective control measures at each stage, enhanced biosecurity, rigorous hygiene practices, appropriate thermal techniques. Additionally, need improved surveillance detection methods effectively identify monitor presence products highlighted. In conclusion, necessity adopting One Health approach that integrates efforts animal health, food safety, public health mitigate consumption underscored. holistic strategy essential safeguarding consumer ensuring supply.

Language: Английский

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