Designing optimal human‐modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(9), P. 1404 - 1420

Published: June 15, 2020

Agriculture and development transform forest ecosystems to human-modified landscapes. Decades of research in ecology have generated myriad concepts for the appropriate management these Yet, are often contradictory apply at different spatial scales, making design biodiversity-friendly landscapes challenging. Here, we combine with empirical support optimal landscape scenarios forest-dwelling species. The supported indicate that appropriately sized should contain ≥ 40% cover, although higher percentages likely needed tropics. Forest cover be configured c. 10% a very large patch, remaining 30% many evenly dispersed smaller patches semi-natural treed elements (e.g. vegetation corridors). Importantly, embedded high-quality matrix. proposed represent an compromise between delivery goods services humans preserving most wildlife, can therefore guide preservation restoration strategies.

Language: Английский

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Beyond organic farming – harnessing biodiversity-friendly landscapes

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(10), P. 919 - 930

Published: Aug. 3, 2021

Biodiversity continues to decline rapidly, despite decades of repeated national and international policy efforts. Agricultural intensification is a major driver biodiversity losses, while conversion organic farming has been suggested as key technique halt or reverse this trend.In contrast widespread view, certified agriculture raises local richness species by just third when compared conventional farming. This achieved through waiving synthetic agrochemicals, but leads considerable yield requiring the more land obtain similar yields.Diversifying cropland reducing field size on landscape level can multiply in both without productivity.Complementing such increases heterogeneity with at least 20% seminatural habitat per should be recommendation current frameworks. We challenge appraisal that fundamental alternative for harnessing agricultural landscapes. Certification production largely restricted banning resulting limited benefits high losses ongoing specialisation. In contrast, successful measures enhance include diversifying size, which sustaining yields systems. Achieving landscape-level mosaic natural patches fine-grained diversification promoting large-scale biodiversity. needs urgently acknowledged makers an paradigm shift. decline, implementation conservation conventions, Convention Biological Diversity (1992), UN Decade (2011–2020), many other schemes, had little success [1.Kleijn D. et al.Does farmland contribute halting decline?.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2011; 26: 474-481Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,2.Pe'er G. al.Adding some green greening: improving EU's ecological focus areas farmers.Conserv. Lett. 2017; 10: 517-530Crossref Scholar]. Agriculture considered main cause global [3.Sánchez-Bayo F. Wyckhuys K.A.G. Worldwide entomofauna: A review its drivers.Biol. Conserv. 2019; 232: 8-27Crossref (919) Scholar, 4.Seibold S. al.Arthropod grasslands forests associated drivers.Nature. 574: 671-674Crossref (306) 5.Lichtenberg E.M. al.A synthesis effects diversified systems arthropod diversity within fields across landscapes.Glob. Chang. Biol. 23: 4946-4957Crossref (123) Scholar], objectives still collide FAO calls higher crop feed world [6.Tscharntke T. al.Global food security, future intensification.Biol. 2012; 151: 53-59Crossref (1050) The model intensification, based agrochemical inputs, large monocultures homogenisation, successfully increased yields, severe ecosystem services, even neighbouring nature reserves Scholar,5.Lichtenberg 6.Tscharntke 7.Kormann U. al.Local management drive trait-mediated nine taxa small grassland fragments.Divers. Distrib. 2015; 21: 1204-1217Crossref (62) Current trends only reversed concerted effort fundamentally redesign landscapes [8.Landis D.A. Designing biodiversity-based services.Basic Appl. 18: 1-12Crossref (262) 9.Grass I. al.Land-sharing/-sparing connectivity services conservation.People Nat. 1: 262-272Google 10.Grass al.Combining land-sparing land-sharing European landscapes.Adv. Res. 2021; 64: 251-303Crossref (14) Scholar]; is, shift agriculture. Certified farming, agrochemicals [11.Seufert V. Ramankutty N. Many shades gray – context-dependent performance agriculture.Sci. Adv. 3e1602638Crossref Scholar] achieve sustainability general particular, often claimed [12.Niggli Sustainability production: challenges innovations.Proc. Nutr. Soc. 74: 83-88Crossref (39) 13.Bosshard A. International Federation Organic Movements IFOAM Guide Landscape Quality Agriculture. IFOAM, 2009Google 14.Geiger al.Persistent negative pesticides biological control potential farmland.Basic 2010; 11: 97-105Crossref (724) However, contribution stop appears exaggerated public perception [15.Hole D.G. benefit biodiversity?.Biol. 2005; 122: 113-130Crossref Scholar,16.Schneider M.K. al.Gains organically farmed are not propagated farm level.Nat. Commun. 2014; 5: 4151Crossref (64) fact, switching from practices [17.Tuck S.L. al.Land-use intensity biodiversity: hierarchical meta-analysis.J. 51: 746-755Crossref (367) so needed produce same amount Scholar,18.Meemken E.-M. Qaim M. agriculture, environment.Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 2018; 39-63Crossref (82) Surprisingly, wealth biodiversity-friendly implemented have far poorly adopted [19.Kleijn al.Ecological intensification: bridging gap between science practice.Trends 34: 154-166Abstract (147) 20.Sirami C. al.Increasing enhances multitrophic regions.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116: 16442-16447Crossref 21.Batary P. al.Landscape-moderated importance hedges conserving bird vs. croplands grasslands.Biol. 143: 2020-2027Crossref (102) 22.Haan N.L. al.Designing arthropod-based North America.Adv. 191-250Crossref (1) 23.Boetzl F.A. multitaxa assessment effectiveness agri-environmental schemes management.Proc. 118: 1-9Crossref (3) Here, we restoring After considering essential propose effective solutions towards friendly ways integrate scales existing well policies. On average, world's crops ~34% abundance ~50% Scholar,24.Bengtsson J. al.The abundance: 42: 261-269Crossref Scholar,25.Smith O.M. al.Landscape context affects systems.Proc. 2020; 117: 2870-2878Crossref (12) plants bees benefitting most arthropods birds smaller degree Benefits also vary type strives environmental benefits, soil fertility biodiversity, prohibits fertilisers, pesticides, genetically modified organisms Scholar,12.Niggli Scholar,26.Mäder al.Soil farming.Science. 2002; 296: 1694-1697Crossref (1744) replacement herbicides mechanical weeding important conservation, because weed cover [27.Roschewitz complexity arable farming.J. 873-882Crossref (283) 28.Clough Y. al.Alpha beta conventionally managed wheat fields.J. 2007; 44: 804-812Crossref (143) 29.Holzschuh al.Agricultural support pollinator diversity.Oikos. 2008; 354-361Crossref 30.Batáry former Iron Curtain drives biodiversity-profit trade-offs German agriculture.Nat. 1279-1284Crossref (69) Practices diversification, fields, manure, low fertiliser input, restoration elements recommended organisations prevalent than farms [31.Fuller R.J. al.Benefits among taxa.Biol. 431-434Crossref (209) Scholar,32.Holzschuh al.Diversity flower-visiting cereal fields: system, composition regional context.J. 41-49Crossref they formal part certification regulations [33.Tscharntke al.Conserving tropical agroforestry scales.Conserv. 8: 14-23Crossref Mainstreaming public, pushed policies NGO activities, play role success, empathy trust schemes. Lastly, products profitable farmers, consumers, governments, pay premium prices Scholar,30.Batáry Scholar,34.Reganold J.P. Wachter J.M. twenty-first century.Nat. Plants. 2016; 2: 1-8Crossref (464) there limitations reduced misconceptions about pesticide use, taxon-specific commercial production. While waste meat consumption security lower additional obstacles [35.Gabriel al.Food comparing agriculture.J. 2013; 50: 355-364Crossref (134) When measured unit necessary defined output (e.g., number kilograms produced) simply hectare wheat), disappear [10.Grass Scholar,36.Kremen Reframing land-sparing/land-sharing debate conservation.Ann. 1355: 52-76Crossref (207) Globally all crops, 19–25% [18.Meemken Vegetables cereals show highest gaps [37.Seufert al.Comparing agriculture.Nature. 485: 229-232Crossref (1006) up 50% decrease [30.Batáry Scholar,35.Gabriel however, fruits oilseed Moreover, it myth principally waive pesticides. Pesticides allowed under labels long derived substances rather ones Widespread insecticides used pyrethrin, chrysanthemum, azadirachtin Asian neem tree. Copper sulfate applied cope fungal bacterial diseases, example, vineyards, orchards, vegetables [38.Nascimbene al.Organic plant vineyard located intensive landscapes.Environ. Manag. 49: 1054-1060Crossref (38) persistent accumulates soils [39.Tamm L. al.Reduktion von Pflanzenschutzmitteln der Schweiz: Beitrag des Biolandbaus.Agrarforschung Schweiz. 52–59Google Natural do much damage [40.Biondi al.Using organic-certified may safer agents: selectivity side 14 predator Orius laevigatus.Chemosphere. 87: 803-812Crossref (305) vast majority rarely treated potatoes, vegetables, hops, grapes, regularly heavily For instance, spraying grapes apples shown less Scholar,39.Tamm Overall, suggests smart application strategies use Integrated Pest Pollinator Management techniques) regardless [14.Geiger Scholar,41.Tscharntke al.When fails pest Five hypotheses.Biol. 204: 449-458Crossref (241) Scholar,42.Müller Impacts sublethal insecticide exposure insects facts knowledge gaps.Basic 30: 1-10Crossref (56) Similarly, harmful overfertilisation occurs mineral manure [43.Klimek al.Additive partitioning respect regime, fertilisation abiotic factors.Basic 9: 626-634Crossref (45) Importantly, spectrum [5.Lichtenberg Scholar,44.Forrest J.R.K. al.Contrasting patterns functional-trait landscape.J. 52: 706-715Crossref noncrop due missing herbicides, whereas mobile, landscape-dependent insect populations Furthermore, applications common great habitats. These habitats hedges, herbaceous boundaries, traditional, uneconomic agroecosystems calcareous orchard meadows [21.Batary Scholar,45.Weibull A.-C. butterflies landscape: system heterogeneity.Ecography. 2000; 743-750Crossref meta-analysis agrienvironment found off-field measures, margins hedgerows, twice in-field [46.Batáry agri-environment management.Conserv. 29: 1006-1016Crossref (419) diversity, butterfly [45.Weibull Increasing hedge length 250 m one 12 species, increasingly intensified, specialised, away idealism enthusiasm original movement (Figure 1). family characterised beginning movement, modern huge monocultures, resembling fields. come sterile greenhouse blocks cultures plastic sheets, covering entire Almeria Province (Spain) heart Europe's where >50% grown proportion increasing over last decade 1.4% 10.3% [47.Dundas Farming "Supersized": An Imperfect Solution Planet?.2019Google Further examples landscape-damaging produced blocks, favourably doubling extending growing seasons, cost [48.Chang greenhouses beyond supply?.Front. Environ. 43-49Crossref above suggest silver bullet Diversifying pollination, Scholar,49.Rosa-Schleich al.Ecological-economic Diversified Systems review.Ecol. 160: 251-263Crossref (41) Scholar,50.Tamburini promotes multiple compromising yield.Sci. 6eaba1715Crossref (Table 1 Table 2). land, particular Europe America, shaped short rotations simplify techniques specialise best-selling products. Diverse dominated after maize maize), three standard sequences wheat, barley, rape [51.Steinmann H.-H. Dobers E.S. Spatio-temporal analysis sequence Northern Germany: implications health protection.J. Plant Dis. Prot. 120: 85-94Crossref (37) Scholar,52.Bennett A.J. al.Meeting demand rotations.Biol. 52-71Crossref (247) Scholar]). simplified deplete soils, promote infestations, resistance applications, risk resource bottlenecks pollinators biocontrol agents [53.Schellhorn N.A. al.Time will tell: continuity bolsters services.Trends 524-530Abstract (133) increase declines [52.Bennett provided mixed pattern alone combined practices, wildflower strips, effectively stability pollination 54.Rundlöf al.Late-season mass-flowering red clover bumble bee queen male densities.Biol. 172: 138-145Crossref 55.Westphal al.Mass flowering improves early colony growth sexual reproduction bumblebees.J. 2009; 46: 187-193Crossref Globally, 15% longer (4.5 instead 3.8 years). Still, average 48% [56.Barbieri farming.Sci. Rep. 7: Diversification multicropping reduce 8–9% [57.Ponisio L.C. al.Diversification gap.Proc. R. B 282: 20141396Crossref could longer, 7-year period [26.Mäder uptake [58.Seufert al.Current contributions system.Agroecosyst. Divers. 2019: 435-452Crossref (7) Instead, trend intensify Scholar,59.Garibaldi L.A. Pérez-Méndez Positive outcomes employment worldwide.Ecol. 164: 106358Crossref (18) Scholar].Table 1Biodiversity scales, illustrated meta-analyses syntheses showing quantified estimatesMeasuresQuantified findingsRefsLocal scaleOff-field vs measuresMeasures areas, roughly enhancing richnes

Language: Английский

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Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences of the Oil Palm Boom

Annual Review of Resource Economics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 321 - 344

Published: May 19, 2020

Rising global demand for vegetable oil during the last few decades has led to a drastic increase in land area under palm. Especially Southeast Asia, palm boom contributed economic growth, but it also spurred criticism about negative environmental and social effects. Here, we discuss production consumption trends review environmental, economic, consequences different parts of world. The expansion tropical deforestation associated losses biodiversity ecosystem functions. Simultaneously, increased incomes, generated employment, reduced poverty among farm nonfarm households. Around 50% worldwide is managed by smallholders. Sustainability trade-offs between preserving public goods private benefits need be reduced. We policy implications related productivity rainforest protection, mosaic landscapes, property rights, sustainability certification, smallholder inclusion, others.

Language: Английский

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Afforestation and abandonment of semi‐natural grasslands lead to biodiversity loss and a decline in ecosystem services and functions

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 60(5), P. 825 - 836

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

Abstract During the past century, semi‐natural grasslands, once widespread throughout Europe, have largely been converted into intensively managed agricultural areas, abandoned or afforested. These large‐scale land‐use changes already resulted in considerable biodiversity loss but can also lead to decline ecosystem service provision and multifunctionality. We assessed impact of afforestation abandonment grasslands on supply services Western Estonia. compared a wide array provided by open afforested grasslands. Additionally, we analysed change species richness Significant declines pollination services, natural pest regulation, forage production, soil quality, wild food cultural appreciation landscape were detected as result overgrowing afforestation. There was significant positive relationship between multifunctionality, that is, more biodiverse able support at higher capacity. Results show both grassland degradation due abandonment, well afforestation, negative impacts biodiversity, multiple important Synthesis applications. Temperate high capacity deliver simultaneously. Conservation restoration habitats must be considered an part sustainable planning.

Language: Английский

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Insect decline in forests depends on species’ traits and may be mitigated by management

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: April 4, 2023

Abstract Insects are declining, but the underlying drivers and differences in responses between species still largely unclear. Despite importance of forests, insect trends therein have received little attention. Using 10 years standardized data (120,996 individuals; 1,805 species) from 140 sites Germany, we show that declines occurred most across trophic groups. In particular, (quantified as correlation year respective community response) were more consistent with many non-native trees or a large amount timber harvested before onset sampling. Correlations at level depended on species’ life-history. Larger species, abundant higher declined most, while herbivores increased. This suggests potential shifts food webs possibly affecting ecosystem functioning. A targeted management, including promoting natural tree composition partially reduced harvesting, can contribute to mitigating declines.

Language: Английский

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Protected areas not likely to serve as steppingstones for species undergoing climate‐induced range shifts

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(10), P. 2681 - 2696

Published: March 7, 2023

Species across the planet are shifting their ranges to track suitable climate conditions in response change. Given that protected areas have higher quality habitat and often harbor levels of biodiversity compared unprotected lands, it is assumed can serve as steppingstones for species undergoing climate-induced range shifts. However, there several factors may impede successful shifts among areas, including distance must be traveled, unfavorable human land uses along potential movement routes, lack analogous climates. Through a species-agnostic lens, we evaluate these global terrestrial area network measures connectivity, which defined ability landscape facilitate or movement. We found over half two-thirds number units globe at risk connectivity failure, casting doubt on whether many successfully undergo areas. Consequently, unlikely large under warming climate. As disappear from without commensurate immigration suited emerging (due failure), left with depauperate suite Our findings highly relevant given recent pledges conserve 30% by 2030 (30 × 30), underscore need innovative management strategies allow shifts, suggest assisted colonization necessary promote adapted

Language: Английский

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River ecological status is shaped by agricultural land use intensity across Europe

Water Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 251, P. 121136 - 121136

Published: Jan. 21, 2024

Agriculture impacts the ecological status of freshwaters through multiple pressures such as diffuse pollution, water abstraction, and hydromorphological alteration, strongly impairing riverine biodiversity. The agricultural effects, however, likely differ between types practices. In Europe, show distinct spatial patterns related to intensity, biophysical conditions, socioeconomic history, which have been operationalised by various landscape typologies. Our study aimed at analysing whether incorporating intensity enhances correlation land use status. For this, we aggregated continent's activities into 20 Areas Farming-induced Freshwater Pressures (AFFP), specifying individual pressure profiles regarding nutrient enrichment, pesticides, in riparian zone establish an index this river Using index, nearly doubled correlative strength agriculture rivers compared share sub-catchment (based on analysis more than 50,000 units). Strongest were found for high cropland Mediterranean Temperate regions, while extensive grassland, fallow farmland livestock farming Northern Highland well low mosaic farming, featured lowest pressures. results provide advice pan-European management freshwater ecosystems highlight urgent need sustainable agriculture. Consequently, they can also be used a basis European Union-wide global policies halt biodiversity decline, post-2027 renewal Common Agricultural Policy.

Language: Английский

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Land‐use history determines ecosystem services and conservation value in tropical agroforestry

Conservation Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 13(5)

Published: June 14, 2020

Abstract Agroforestry is widely promoted as a potential solution to address multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals, including Zero Hunger, Responsible Consumption and Production, Climate Action, Life on Land. Nonetheless, agroforests in the tropics often result from direct forest conversions, displacing rapidly vanishing highly biodiverse forests with large carbon stocks, causing undesirable trade‐offs. Scientists thus debate whether promotion of agroforestry tropical landscapes sensible policy. So far, this typically fails consider land‐use history, that is, an agroforest derived or open land. Indeed, 57% papers which we systematically reviewed did not describe history focal systems. We further find forest‐derived supports higher biodiversity than open‐land‐derived but essentially represents degradation forest, whereas rehabilitates formerly forested Based conceptual framework, recommend (a) promote suitable land, (b) maintain tree cover existing agroforests, (c) conserve remaining forests. Land‐use should be incorporated into policy avoid incentivizing harness for ecosystem services biodiversity.

Language: Английский

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Biologia Futura: landscape perspectives on farmland biodiversity conservation

Biologia Futura, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 71(1-2), P. 9 - 18

Published: June 1, 2020

Abstract European nature conservation has a strong focus on farmland harbouring threatened species that mainly co-occur with traditional agriculture shaped way before the green revolution. Increased land-use intensity in caused an alarming decline biodiversity during last century. How can landscape perspective contribute to fostering our understanding causes and consequences of improving effectiveness measures? To answer these questions, we discuss importance compositional configurational heterogeneity, ecological mechanisms determining how structure affects considering interplay ecosystem service conservation.

Language: Английский

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Progress in ecosystem services research: A guide for scholars and practitioners

Ecosystem Services, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 49, P. 101267 - 101267

Published: April 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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