Oral SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection and Risk for Long Covid

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(2)

Published: March 1, 2025

ABSTRACT SARS‐CoV‐2 is an oral pathogen that infects and replicates in mucosal salivary epithelial cells, contributing to post‐acute sequelae COVID‐19 (PASC) other non‐oral pathologies. While pre‐existing inflammatory diseases provides a conducive environment for the virus, acute infection persistence of can also results microbiome dysbiosis further worsens poor health. Indeed, PASC includes periodontal diseases, dysgeusia, xerostomia, pharyngitis, keratoses, pulpitis suggesting significant bacterial contributions tissue tropism. Dysbiotic microbiome‐induced inflammation promote viral entry via angiotensin‐converting enzyme receptor‐2 (ACE2), serine transmembrane TMPRSS2 possibly non‐canonical pathways. Additionally, metabolites derived from dysbiotic alter physiological biochemical pathways related metabolism lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids. This may pro‐inflammatory microenvironment, leading immune exhaustion, loss tolerance, susceptibility variety pathogens, causing later chronic inflammation. Microbial release mimics host metallopeptidases furin, ADAM17 (A disintegrin metalloproteinase 17), glycoprotein aid attachment T cell immunoglobulin‐like (TIMs), enhancing while simultaneously depressing resistance clearance. Membrane reorganization characterised by neuroproteins, such as neuropilins, functionally assists with extends pathogenesis cavity brain, gut, or tissues. Thus, health, disrupted microbiomes tropism, weaken antiviral resistance, heightens infection. dysfunction increases risk additional infections, exacerbating conditions like endodontic diseases. These persistent health issues contribute systemic inflammation, creating bidirectional effects between tissues, potentially Post‐Acute Sequelae (PASC).

Language: Английский

The Role of Dental-derived Stem Cell-based Therapy and Their Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome-induced Tissue Damage

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(8), P. 2062 - 2103

Published: Aug. 16, 2024

Language: Английский