Diabetic Foot Ulcer Neuropathy, impaired vasculature, and immune responses

IntechOpen eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 26, 2024

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a debilitating complication frequently observed in long-term diabetes patients. These categorized into neuropathic, ischemic, and neuroischemic, with neuroischemia being the most prevalent. Subclinical inflammation plays vital role development of complications, contributing to severity ulcers. Peripheral vascular disease neuropathy significant predisposing factors for DFUs. This chapter delves pathogenesis DFUs, focusing on three key elements: neuropathy, impaired vasculature, immune responses. Neuropathy is induced by metabolic disruptions, such as hyperglycemia advanced glycation end products (AGEs), resulting structural functional nerve impairments. It diminishes pain perception, increasing risk unnoticed injuries. Impaired particularly atherosclerosis, pivotal diabetic complications. PKC, hyperactive pathways, oxidative stress disrupt function contribute atherosclerosis development, directly impacting Immune responses within DFUs involve macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, which collectively hinder healing process. Additionally, elevated glucose levels negatively affect endothelial cells, angiogenesis, stem further delaying wound repair. Understanding these intricate mechanisms essential developing effective interventions preventing treating diabetes.

Language: Английский

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Nanozymes for the Therapeutic Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(7), P. 4195 - 4226

Published: May 16, 2024

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are chronic, refractory wounds caused by diabetic neuropathy, vascular disease, and bacterial infection, have become one of the most serious persistent complications diabetes mellitus because their high incidence difficulty in healing. Its malignancy results from a complex microenvironment that includes series unfriendly physiological states secondary to hyperglycemia, such as recurrent infections, excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, ischemia hypoxia. However, current common clinical treatments, antibiotic therapy, insulin surgical debridement, conventional wound dressings all drawbacks, suboptimal outcomes exacerbate financial physical burdens patients. Therefore, development new, effective affordable treatments for DFU represents top priority improve quality life In recent years, nanozymes-based therapy systems been attracting extensive interest integrating unique advantages nanomaterials natural enzymes. Compared with enzymes, nanozymes possess more stable catalytic activity, lower production cost greater maneuverability. Remarkably, many multienzyme activities can cascade multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions simultaneously throughout recovery process DFU. Additionally, favorable photothermal-acoustic properties be exploited further enhancement therapeutic effects. this review we first describe characteristic pathological DFU, then discuss mechanisms applications healing, finally, highlight challenges perspectives nanozyme treatment.

Language: Английский

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Engineered biomimetic nanovesicles-laden multifunctional hydrogel enhances targeted therapy of diabetic wound

Materials Today Bio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29, P. 101330 - 101330

Published: Nov. 7, 2024

Angiogenesis is essential for diabetic wound healing. Endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EPC-EVs) are known to promote healing by enhancing angiogenesis, while the low yield and lack of effective targeting strategies limit their therapeutic efficacy. Here, biomimetic nanovesicles (NVs) prepared from EPC (EPC-NV) through an extrusion approach were reported, which functioned as EV mimetics deliver contents wound. Besides, cRGD peptide was coupled surface EPC-NV (mEPC-NV) achieve active endothelial cells (ECs)-targeting. Furthermore, we developed a dual hydrogel network combining Fe

Language: Английский

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Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC) is a Prime Target in Diabetic Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Target Therapies

Current Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(9), P. 1073 - 1076

Published: Sept. 11, 2023

Language: Английский

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