United States Environmental Protection Agency's Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid, and Related Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 2024 Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Level: Part 2 – Fifteen Misconceptions About the Health Hazards DOI Creative Commons
Dennis J Paustenbach,

K. Mccauley,

Jacob Siracusa

et al.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 48

Published: May 20, 2025

This paper examines widely held beliefs about the six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) addressed in final U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) rule on PFAS drinking water (e.g., Maximum Contaminant Levels - MCLs). Based our understanding of scientific literature comments submitted by stakeholders regarding EPA's regulation that was promulgated April 2024, we identified 15 misconceptions had a weak foundation. These are now memoralized MCLs for but remain debated due to ongoing ambiguous research findings. Many critics found systematic review published relevant information, particularly toxicology perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), be inadequate. The following seven views among most important. First, EPA asserted these chemicals poorly understood lacked sufficient data determine safe daily intake level chronic health effects; nonetheless, they what may costliest environmental date. Notably, adverse effects difficult demonstrate occupationally exposed individuals even at blood concentrations 50-100 times higher than current background levels. Second, Agency indicated epidemiology showed exposure PFOA PFOS caused kidney potentially other cancers, yet were equivocal do not support assertion. Third, it stated specific non-cancer effects, such as heart disease, would prevented under rule; however, studies relied upon show an increased incidence disease highly populations. Fourth, animal its likely toxic humans, despite ample animals, rodents, poor predictors human response exposures. Fifth, predicted reduction healthcare expenditures offset much cost complying with MCL, but, did have adequate this prediction. Sixth, suggested act through shared mechanism action (i.e., PPARα pathway induction); indicate induction humans 80% less is observed rodents. Also, cause systemic disease. Seventh, failed disclose achieving new MCL yield negligible reductions levels populations, given accounts only 20% or total exposure. survey could answer question, fifth Unregulated Monitoring Rule, 25% complete time promulgated. Overall, analysis concluded while intent regulate their presence necessary, derivation alleged based application precautionary principle rather robust evidence.

Language: Английский

United States Environmental Protection Agency's Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid, and Related Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 2024 Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Level: Part 2 – Fifteen Misconceptions About the Health Hazards DOI Creative Commons
Dennis J Paustenbach,

K. Mccauley,

Jacob Siracusa

et al.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 48

Published: May 20, 2025

This paper examines widely held beliefs about the six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) addressed in final U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) rule on PFAS drinking water (e.g., Maximum Contaminant Levels - MCLs). Based our understanding of scientific literature comments submitted by stakeholders regarding EPA's regulation that was promulgated April 2024, we identified 15 misconceptions had a weak foundation. These are now memoralized MCLs for but remain debated due to ongoing ambiguous research findings. Many critics found systematic review published relevant information, particularly toxicology perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), be inadequate. The following seven views among most important. First, EPA asserted these chemicals poorly understood lacked sufficient data determine safe daily intake level chronic health effects; nonetheless, they what may costliest environmental date. Notably, adverse effects difficult demonstrate occupationally exposed individuals even at blood concentrations 50-100 times higher than current background levels. Second, Agency indicated epidemiology showed exposure PFOA PFOS caused kidney potentially other cancers, yet were equivocal do not support assertion. Third, it stated specific non-cancer effects, such as heart disease, would prevented under rule; however, studies relied upon show an increased incidence disease highly populations. Fourth, animal its likely toxic humans, despite ample animals, rodents, poor predictors human response exposures. Fifth, predicted reduction healthcare expenditures offset much cost complying with MCL, but, did have adequate this prediction. Sixth, suggested act through shared mechanism action (i.e., PPARα pathway induction); indicate induction humans 80% less is observed rodents. Also, cause systemic disease. Seventh, failed disclose achieving new MCL yield negligible reductions levels populations, given accounts only 20% or total exposure. survey could answer question, fifth Unregulated Monitoring Rule, 25% complete time promulgated. Overall, analysis concluded while intent regulate their presence necessary, derivation alleged based application precautionary principle rather robust evidence.

Language: Английский

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