Circulating extracellular vesicles from severe COVID-19 patients induce lung inflammation

mSphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 30, 2024

ABSTRACT Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been associated with the development of COVID-19 due to their roles in viral infection, inflammatory response, and thrombosis. However, direct induction lung inflammation by circulating EVs from severe patients remains unknown. were extracted plasma admitted intensive care healthy controls. To study effect on inflammation, mice intratracheally instilled EVs. examine proinflammatory effects vitro , bone marrow-derived macrophages treated but not control triggered as assessed total protein level, cell count, neutrophil levels cytokines bronchoalveolar lavage. also promoted M1 polarization alveolar vivo . Treatment enhanced phenotype augmented production IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α. In summary, induce mice. could become a potential therapeutic target for alleviating injury COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Extracellular reported facilitate cytokine storm, coagulation, vascular dysfunction, spread virus The role unrecognized. Our demonstrated that obtained induced experiments revealed present sheds fresh insight into mechanisms COVID-19-induced injury, highlighting combating disease.

Language: Английский

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Understanding Post-COVID-19: Mechanisms, Neurological Complications, Current Treatments, and Emerging Therapies

International Journal of General Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 17, P. 6303 - 6321

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

COVID-19, a highly infectious disease, caused worldwide pandemic in early 2020. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 has resulted approximately 774 million cases and around 7 deaths. The effects of are well known; however, there is lack information on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying symptoms that comprise Post-Acute Syndrome (PACS) or Long COVID-19. Neurological sequelae common, with cognitive dysfunction being one foremost symptoms. Research indicates elevated inflammatory levels increased oxidative stress may play role etiology severity PACS. Treatment options extremely limited, no consensus among medical scientific communities how manage disease. Nevertheless, many scientists advocate for using antioxidants symptomatic therapy behavior supportive care. Additionally, current research aims ameliorate several aspects cascade. This review highlights intracellular extracellular pathways crucial neurological manifestations PACS, providing valuable healthcare professionals scientists. Given complex nature understanding these essential developing new treatment options. Assessing PACS challenging, reviewing therapeutic while proposing triad potential elements will add value clinical assays guidelines. Current strategies, such as antioxidants/vitamin supplements, neurogenic stem cell therapy, mitochondrial could be combined enhance their effectiveness. Future should focus validating approaches exploring avenues effective

Language: Английский

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Extracellular vesicles and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in COVID-19 disease

Biocell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 48(1), P. 1 - 8

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicular structures released from almost all eukaryotic cell types under different physiological or pathological conditions. Growing evidence demonstrates that EVs can serve as mediators of intercellular communication between donor and recipient cells microorganism-infected noninfected cells. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) host in system various extra-pulmonary tissue/organs, resulting complications multiple organ systems. As surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) mediates cellular entry SARS-CoV-2 into patients with COVID-19. Recent studies have found ACE2 be EVs, which been shown to interfere virus thus may involved COVID-19 pathophysiology. In addition, ACE2, neprilysin (NEP), thimet oligopeptidase (TOP) key enzymes regulate angiotensin metabolism converting II I 1-7, latter has protective effects counterbalancing harmful disease. This review summarizes recent research progress regarding EV-associated NEP, TOP perspectives their potential involvement pathophysiology

Language: Английский

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Experimental and analytical pipeline for sub-genomic RNA landscape of coronavirus by Nanopore sequencer

Microbiology Spectrum, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(4)

Published: April 2, 2024

ABSTRACT Coronaviruses (CoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, can infect a variety of mammalian and avian hosts with significant medical economic consequences. During the life cycle CoV, coordinated series subgenomic RNAs, canonical messenger RNA non-canonical defective viral genomes (DVGs), are generated different biological implications. Studies that adopted Nanopore sequencer (ONT) to investigate landscape dynamics transcriptomes applied arbitrary bioinformatics parameters without justification or experimental validation. The current study used bovine (BCoV), which be performed under biosafety level 2 for library construction validation using traditional colony polymerase chain reaction Sanger sequencing. Four ONT protocols, direct cDNA sequencing exonuclease treatment, were generate transcriptomic libraries from BCoV-infected cell lysates. Through rigorously examining k-mer, gap size, segment bin optimal cutoffs bioinformatic pipeline determined remove sequence noise while keeping informative DVG reads. sensitivity specificity identifying reads proposed reach 82.6% 99.6% k-mer size cutoff 15. Exonuclease treatment reduced abundance transcripts; however, it was not necessary future preparation. Additional recovery clipped BCoV nucleotide sequences expands CoV discontinuous transcriptome, whose function requires investigation. results this provide benchmarks studying transcriptome. IMPORTANCE Functional genomic RNA, containing all cis -acting elements required translation replication, may play roles in triggering innate immune signaling, interfering transcription/translation assisting establishing persistence infection. This does only transcriptome but also reveals complexity functional assays will critical studies.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the Molecular Actions of Spike Glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2 and Issues of a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for the COVID-19 Vaccine

BioMedInformatics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 1531 - 1555

Published: June 9, 2024

In vaccine development, many use the spike protein (S protein), which has multiple “spike-like” structures protruding from spherical structure of coronavirus, as an antigen. However, there are concerns about its effectiveness and toxicity. When S is used in a vaccine, ability to attack viruses may be weak, eliciting immunity will only last for short period time. Moreover, it cause “antibody-dependent immune enhancement”, can enhance infections. addition, three-dimensional (3D) epitopes essential functional analysis structure-based design. Additionally, during viral infection, large amounts extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted infected cells, function communication network between cells coordinate response infection. Under conditions where SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) molecular vaccination produces overwhelming glycoprotein, significant proportion overproduced intracellular glycoprotein transported via EVs. Therefore, important understand infection mechanisms SARA-CoV-2 EV-dependent EV-independent uptake into model processes based on 3D structural features at interaction sites.

Language: Английский

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Current Applications and Challenges of Exosome in COVID-19: A Review

Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 54, P. 47 - 52

Published: July 4, 2023

The exosome is a nano-extracellular vesicle secreted by the cell, encasing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, among others. Its specific structural composition gives it role in medical field. It may act as biomarkers, vaccines drug carriers. Since outbreak of COVID-19, rate infection has increased dramatically worldwide, targets ACE2 wide range human cells, posing huge threat loss to global health well economy. Exosomes are highly investigated promising candidate when exploring prevention treatment against COVID-19. Many experiments have been performed demonstrate potential exosomes sufficiently well-documented manner. In this review, we summarize diagnosis, analyze problems, with aim providing valuable directions for further research on future.

Language: Английский

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Exosome-Based Cell-Free Therapy in COVID-19-Associated Severe Pneumonia

CHEST Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 164(6), P. 1343 - 1344

Published: Dec. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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