Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: June 21, 2023
Translocator
protein
(TSPO),
a
18
kDa
found
in
the
outer
mitochondrial
membrane,
has
historically
been
associated
with
transport
of
cholesterol
highly
steroidogenic
tissues
though
it
is
all
cells
throughout
mammalian
body.
TSPO
also
molecular
transport,
oxidative
stress,
apoptosis,
and
energy
metabolism.
levels
are
typically
low
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
but
significant
upregulation
observed
activated
microglia
during
neuroinflammation.
However,
there
few
specific
regions
that
have
reported
to
higher
than
rest
brain
under
normal
conditions.
These
include
dentate
gyrus
hippocampus,
olfactory
bulb,
subventricular
zone,
choroid
plexus,
cerebellum.
areas
adult
neurogenesis,
yet
no
explanation
TSPO’s
function
these
cells.
Current
studies
investigated
role
neuron
degeneration,
lifecycle
remains
be
elucidated.
This
review
aims
discuss
known
functions
its
potential
neurons
within
CNS.
Clinical & Experimental Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
206(3), P. 282 - 300
Published: July 31, 2021
Abstract
There
is
increasing
evidence
showing
the
heterogeneity
of
microglia
activation
in
neuroinflammatory
and
neurodegenerative
diseases.
It
has
been
hypothesized
that
pro-inflammatory
are
detrimental
contribute
to
disease
progression,
while
anti-inflammatory
play
a
role
damage
repair
remission.
The
development
therapeutics
targeting
deleterious
glial
activity
modulating
it
into
regenerative
phenotype
relies
heavily
upon
clearer
understanding
dynamics
during
progression
ability
monitor
therapeutic
outcome
vivo.
To
end,
molecular
imaging
techniques
required
assess
study
their
as
well
evaluate
interventions.
Positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
such
technique,
provides
unique
capabilities
for
non-invasive
quantification
neuroinflammation
potential
discriminate
between
phenotypes
define
process.
However,
several
obstacles
limit
possibility
selective
vivo
mainly
related
poor
characterization
specific
targets
distinguish
two
ends
spectrum
lack
suitable
tracers.
PET
tracers
translocator
protein
18
kDa
(TSPO)
have
extensively
explored,
but
despite
success
evaluating
they
failed
statuses.
In
this
review,
we
highlight
current
knowledge
on
major
We
also
discuss
emerging
targets,
discriminating
pro-
states.
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
49(1), P. 246 - 256
Published: March 11, 2021
Abstract
Purpose
Translocator
protein
18-kDa
(TSPO)
imaging
with
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
is
widely
used
in
research
studies
of
brain
diseases
that
have
a
neuro-immune
component.
Quantification
TSPO
PET
images,
however,
associated
several
challenges,
such
as
the
lack
reference
region,
genetic
polymorphism
affecting
affinity
ligand
for
TSPO,
and
strong
signal
endothelium
vessels.
These
challenges
created
an
ongoing
debate
field
about
which
type
quantification
most
useful
whether
there
appropriate
simplified
model.
Methods
This
review
focuses
on
radioligands
human
brain.
The
various
methods
are
summarized,
including
gold
standard
compartmental
modeling
metabolite-corrected
input
function
well
alternative
models
non-invasive
approaches.
Their
advantages
drawbacks
critically
assessed.
Results
conclusions
Researchers
employing
should
understand
limitations
each
method.
Suggestions
given
to
help
researchers
choose
between
these
viable
methods.
Frontiers in Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Nov. 17, 2022
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
a
neurodevelopmental
characterized
by
variable
impairment
of
social
communication
and
repetitive
behaviors,
highly
restricted
interests,
and/or
sensory
behaviors
beginning
early
in
life.
Many
individuals
with
ASD
have
dysfunction
microglia,
which
may
be
closely
related
to
neuroinflammation,
making
microglia
play
an
important
role
the
pathogenesis
ASD.
Mounting
evidence
indicates
that
resident
immune
cells
brain,
are
required
for
proper
brain
function,
especially
maintenance
neuronal
circuitry
control
behavior.
Dysfunction
will
ultimately
affect
neural
function
variety
ways,
including
formation
synapses
alteration
excitatory–inhibitory
balance.
In
this
review,
we
provide
overview
how
actively
interact
neurons
physiological
conditions
modulate
fate
functions
synapses.
We
put
spotlight
on
multi-dimensional
roles
essential
influence
synapses,
discuss
currently
thought
progression.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: June 21, 2023
Translocator
protein
(TSPO),
a
18
kDa
found
in
the
outer
mitochondrial
membrane,
has
historically
been
associated
with
transport
of
cholesterol
highly
steroidogenic
tissues
though
it
is
all
cells
throughout
mammalian
body.
TSPO
also
molecular
transport,
oxidative
stress,
apoptosis,
and
energy
metabolism.
levels
are
typically
low
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
but
significant
upregulation
observed
activated
microglia
during
neuroinflammation.
However,
there
few
specific
regions
that
have
reported
to
higher
than
rest
brain
under
normal
conditions.
These
include
dentate
gyrus
hippocampus,
olfactory
bulb,
subventricular
zone,
choroid
plexus,
cerebellum.
areas
adult
neurogenesis,
yet
no
explanation
TSPO’s
function
these
cells.
Current
studies
investigated
role
neuron
degeneration,
lifecycle
remains
be
elucidated.
This
review
aims
discuss
known
functions
its
potential
neurons
within
CNS.
