Sex-related differences in genetically determined Alzheimer’s disease

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: March 4, 2025

We reviewed the literature on sex differences in genetically determined Alzheimer’s disease (AD), focusing autosomal dominant AD (ADAD), Down syndrome-associated (DSAD), and APOE4 homozygosity, particularly regarding penetrance, symptom onset clinical progression, trajectories for markers of amyloidosis (A), tau pathology (T) neurodegeneration (N). Data suggests that onset, AT(N) biomarker are typically subtle populations. Noteworthy exceptions, such as increased later stages females while similar cognitive outcomes, suggest a potential differential reserve warrants further investigation. Additionally, interaction between APOE genotype reveals complex multifaceted effects DSAD, with implications ADAD remain underexplored. The smaller observed compared to sporadic offer insights into different underlying mechanisms Future research should prioritize sex-specific investigations AD, refining methodologies. This includes prioritizing longitudinal designs, adjustment key confounders, adherence guidelines.

Language: Английский

Association of Neurodegeneration, Cognitive Impairment, and Short Stature in Down Syndrome; Could Proinflammatory Cytokines Be the Common Factor?

Brain Research Bulletin, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 111317 - 111317

Published: March 1, 2025

Down syndrome (DS), caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder. It leads to various complications including, cardiac and endocrine dysfunctions, impairment immune system, growth retardation, certain neurological conditions. Stunted in this population might be linked increased risk a variety co-occurring conditions, particularly disorders. Studies indicate that levels neurodegeneration neuroinflammation markers are higher shorter children with DS. The disruption insulin-like factor 1 (IGF1) signalling pathway due overexpression proinflammatory cytokine genes could help establish connection between short stature These cytokines disrupt production IGF1 liver, thereby inhibiting from promoting bone brain growth. Additionally, elevated impair sex hormones affecting gonadal axis, further exacerbating aforementioned group GnRH neurons responsible for cognitive functions also impaired DS, treatment agonists has demonstrated improvements cognition. Although can delay fusion plates pulsatile secretion, they may lead impairments. Hypothyroidism, complication contribute both stature. In conclusion, increase cytokines, through mechanisms, play significant role development impairments

Language: Английский

Apolipoprotein E abundance is elevated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome–Alzheimer’s disease

Acta Neuropathologica, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 149(1)

Published: May 19, 2025

Language: Английский