Ecosphere,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13(8)
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Abstract
Antipredator
behaviors
allow
prey
to
mitigate
the
impacts
of
their
predators.
We
investigated
antipredator
responses
two
herbivore
species,
roe
deer
and
European
hare,
one
mesopredator,
red
fox,
toward
predation
risk
imposed
by
lynx
wolf.
collected
data
(using
camera
traps)
on
visitation
frequency
vigilance
behavior
olfactory
predator
stimuli
during
158
standardized
scent
trials
in
five
areas
across
Europe,
where
wolves
either
occurred
or
had
been
absent
for
centuries.
After
a
period
without
scent,
trial
sites
were
marked
with
wolf
urine,
butyric
acid
(unspecific
used
contrast
species‐specific
responses).
expected
herbivores
respond
aversively
(reduced
frequency,
increased
vigilance)
while
foxes
(scavengers)
might
adopt
risk‐sensitive
exploration
strategy
increasing
near
urine
reducing
frequency.
For
all
we
stronger
ambush
than
pursue
(cryptic
hypothesis).
If
responds
more
strongly
when
coexisting
predator,
reactions
predators
(naïve
Roe
significantly
avoided
acid,
but
not
urine.
However,
did
differ
between
treatment
large
carnivore
(suggesting
that
generally
avoid
unfamiliar
scent),
carnivores
present
absent.
Hares
Red
attracted
sympatry,
allopatry
carnivores.
They
rates
presence
independent
sympatry/allopatry
These
findings
confirm
our
expectations
avoidance
herbivores,
attraction
combined
mesopredators.
In
elicited
(although
different),
which
some
extent
conforms
cryptic
hypothesis.
found
no
support
naïve
higher
sympatric
situations
indicate
positive
scavengers
are
learning
based.
Journal of Animal Ecology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
89(9), P. 1997 - 2012
Published: May 22, 2020
Camera
trap
technology
has
galvanized
the
study
of
predator-prey
ecology
in
wild
animal
communities
by
expanding
scale
and
diversity
interactions
that
can
be
analysed.
While
observational
data
from
systematic
camera
arrays
have
informed
inferences
on
spatiotemporal
outcomes
interactions,
capacity
for
studies
to
identify
mechanistic
drivers
species
is
limited.
Experimental
designs
utilize
traps
uniquely
allow
testing
hypothesized
mechanisms
drive
predator
prey
behaviour,
incorporating
environmental
realism
not
possible
laboratory
while
benefiting
distinct
generate
large
datasets
multiple
with
minimal
observer
interference.
However,
such
pairings
experimental
methods
remain
underutilized.
We
review
recent
advances
application
investigate
fundamental
underlying
present
a
conceptual
guide
designing
studies.
Only
9%
our
use
methods,
but
approaches
increasing.
To
illustrate
utility
trap-based
experiments
using
case
study,
we
propose
design
integrates
techniques
test
perennial
question
ecology:
how
balance
foraging
safety,
as
formalized
risk
allocation
hypothesis.
discuss
applications
evaluate
anthropogenic
influences
wildlife
globally.
Finally,
challenges
conducting
already
begun
play
an
important
role
understanding
free-living
animals,
will
become
increasingly
critical
quantifying
community
rapidly
changing
world.
recommend
increased
responses
humans,
synanthropic
invasive
species,
other
disturbances.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
75(2)
Published: Jan. 20, 2021
Abstract
Spatial
and
temporal
occurrence
can
mediate
behavioural
interactions
between
apex
predators,
mesocarnivores
herbivores.
Predators
should
adapt
their
activity
to
that
of
prey,
whereas
predator
avoidance
would
be
expected
influence
patterns
space
use
prey
smaller
competitors.
We
evaluated
interspecific
spatiotemporal
relationships
in
a
prey-rich
community
including
an
(the
wolf),
three
wild
ungulates
several
herbivores/mesocarnivores,
through
camera
trapping.
All
considered
species
(i.e.
wolves
potential
prey/smaller
competitors:
boar,
fallow
deer,
roe
crested
porcupine,
red
fox
European
badger)
were
active
especially
at
night
and/or
twilight.
Among
ungulates,
the
wolf
showed
greatest
overlap
with
boar
lowest
one
least
abundant
used
them,
i.e.
deer.
The
main
deer)
more
diurnal
lower
sites
high
than
low-activity
ones.
mesocarnivores,
extensive
wolf:
two
canids
was
greater
intensively
by
this
low
activity,
supporting
concurrent
study
which
suggested
for
facilitative—rather
competitive—interactions.
Spatiotemporal
suggest
complex
predator,
carnivores,
substantial
or
spatial
association
often
supported.
Significance
statement
There
is
growing
interest
predators
on
ecosystems
effects
behaviour
light
ongoing
recovery
large
carnivores
temperate
areas.
synchronise
prey;
conversely,
avoid
predators.
In
rich
wolf,
mesomammals,
we
detected
(
i
)
porcupines
mesocarnivores;
ii
negative
its
iii
great
fox.
provide
baseline
evaluate
changes
predator-prey-mesocarnivore
along
variations
carnivore-prey
densities.
Mammal Review,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
52(4), P. 471 - 479
Published: July 11, 2022
Abstract
Species
that
respond
to
ecosystem
change
in
a
timely,
measurable,
and
interpretable
way
can
be
used
as
sentinels
of
global
change.
Contrary
pervasive
view,
we
suggest
that,
among
Carnivora,
small
carnivores
are
more
appropriate
than
large
carnivores.
This
reasoning
is
built
around
six
key
points:
compared
carnivores,
1)
species‐rich
diverse,
providing
potential
many
systems;
2)
occupy
wider
range
ecological
niches,
exhibiting
greater
variety
sensitivities
change;
3)
hold
an
intermediate
trophic
position
directly
affected
by
changes
at
the
producer,
primary
consumer,
tertiary
consumer
levels;
4)
have
shorter
life
spans
higher
reproductive
rates,
rapid
responses
5)
smaller
home
ranges
abundant,
making
it
easier
investigate
fine‐scale
management
interventions;
6)
monitor,
manage,
manipulate.
Therefore,
advocate
for
incorporating
middle‐out
approach,
addition
established
top‐down
bottom‐up
approaches,
assessing
ecosystems
Mammal Review,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
52(3), P. 328 - 342
Published: May 27, 2022
Abstract
Understanding
variation
in
the
diet
of
widely
distributed
species
can
help
us
to
predict
how
they
respond
future
environmental
and
anthropogenic
changes.
We
studied
red
fox
Vulpes
vulpes
,
one
world's
most
carnivores.
compiled
dietary
data
from
217
studies
at
276
locations
five
continents
assess
composition
varied
according
geographic
location,
climate,
impact,
sampling
method.
The
foxes
showed
substantial
throughout
species'
range,
but
with
a
general
trend
for
small
mammals
invertebrates
be
frequently
occurring
items.
incidence
large
birds
diets
was
greater
away
equator.
fruits
increased
mean
elevation,
while
occurrence
medium‐sized
decreased.
Fox
differed
climatic
variables.
Diet
richness
decreased
increasing
temperature
precipitation.
temperature.
annual
Higher
Human
Footprint
Index
associated
lower
higher
fruit
diet.
Sampling
method
influenced
estimation:
estimated
percentage
based
on
stomach
contents,
were
more
likely
recorded
contents
than
scats.
Our
study
confirms
flexible
opportunistic
behaviour
global
scale.
This
behavioural
trait
allows
them
thrive
range
conditions,
areas
different
degrees
human‐induced
habitat
change.
knowledge
place
results
local‐scale
into
broader
context
will
Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(11), P. 5844 - 5856
Published: May 1, 2021
Abstract
Dead
animal
biomass
(carrion)
is
present
in
all
terrestrial
ecosystems,
and
its
consumption,
decomposition,
dispersal
can
have
measurable
effects
on
vertebrates,
invertebrates,
microbes,
parasites,
plants,
soil.
But
despite
the
number
of
studies
examining
influence
carrion
food
webs,
there
has
been
no
attempt
to
identify
how
general
ecological
processes
around
might
be
used
as
an
ecosystem
indicator.
We
suggest
that
knowledge
scavenging
decomposition
rates,
scavenger
diversity,
abundance,
behavior
carrion,
along
with
assessments
vegetation,
soil,
microbe,
parasite
presence,
individually
or
combination
understand
web
dynamics.
Monitoring
could
also
assist
comparisons
among
landscapes
biomes.
Although
outstanding
research
needed
fully
integrate
ecology
monitoring
into
management,
we
see
great
potential
using
indicator
intact
functional
web.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
74(5)
Published: May 1, 2020
Abstract
While
constrained
by
endogenous
rhythms,
morphology
and
ecology,
animals
may
still
exhibit
flexible
activity
patterns
in
response
to
risk.
Temporal
avoidance
of
interspecific
aggression
can
enable
access
resources
without
spatial
exclusion.
Apex
predators,
including
humans,
affect
mesopredator
patterns.
Human
context
might
also
modify
temporal
interactions
between
predators.
We
explored
patterns,
nocturnality
the
effects
human
upon
a
guild
carnivores
(grey
wolf,
Canis
lupus
;
Eurasian
lynx,
Lynx
lynx
red
fox,
Vulpes
vulpes
)
using
travel
routes
Plitvice
Lakes
National
Park,
Croatia.
Humans
were
diurnal,
foxes
nocturnal
large
active
during
night,
immediately
after
sunrise
before
sunset.
Carnivore
overlapped
greatly
similar
extent
for
all
pairings.
Activity
curves
followed
expectations
based
on
killing,
with
peaks
coinciding
where
body
size
differences
small
(wolf
lynx)
but
not
when
they
intermediate
(foxes
carnivores).
activity,
particularly
much
less
that
diurnal
humans.
Foxes
responded
higher
carnivore
being
more
nocturnal.
Low
light
levels
likely
provide
safer
conditions
reducing
visual
detectability
mesopredators.
The
effect
was
however
moderated
reduced
activity.
This
could
perhaps
be
due
shielding
or
interference
risk
cues.
Subtle
mesopredators
cope
at
shared
resources.
Higher
top-down
suppression
which
consequently
trophic
Significance
statement
partitioning
an
important
mechanism
resource
species
coexistence.
Our
findings
show
partition
use
time,
cover
darkness
safely
their
suppressors
(large
carnivores)
are
active.
observed
fox
flexible,
responses
depending
composition
apex
High
modified
carnivores.
time
predators
have
demographic
consequences.
Prey
accessibility
susceptibility
temporally
variable.
As
such,
ecosystem
services
ecological
roles
affected
as
well
intraguild
competitors.
should
overlooked
evaluating
conservation
priorities
protected
areas.
Behavioral Ecology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
32(5), P. 982 - 992
Published: May 31, 2021
This
study
examined
the
effect
of
perceived
predation
risk
imposed
by
lynx
(Lynx
lynx)
and
wolf
(Canis
lupus)
on
red
deer
(Cervus
elaphus)
foraging
behavior
under
experimental
conditions.
We
hypothesized
that
in
response
to
large
carnivore
scent
would
increase
their
vigilance,
although
reducing
frequency
duration
visits
sites.
Consequently,
browsing
intensity
tree
saplings
was
expected
decrease,
whereas
a
higher
proportion
more
preferred
species
be
browsed
compensate
for
costs.
stronger
responses
towards
ambush
predator
lynx,
compared
with
cursorial
wolf.
These
hypotheses
were
tested
cafeteria
experiment
conducted
within
three
enclosures,
each
containing
four
plots
olfactory
cues
wolf,
cow,
water
as
control.
On
plot,
camera
trap
placed
measured
one
consecutive
week,
repeated
times.
Red
reduced
visitation
scent.
Despite
showing
clear
preference
certain
species,
presence
did
not
change
selectivity
different
species.
Contrary
our
hypothesis,
we
found
pronounced
effects
(cursorial)
(ambush).
is
first
experimentally
assess
carnivores
differing
hunting
modes.
Our
findings
provide
insights
into
role
predator-prey
interactions
how
they
can
modify
fine-scale
herbivore-plant
interactions.
Journal of Animal Ecology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
91(5), P. 1024 - 1035
Published: March 23, 2022
Abstract
Apex
predators
play
key
roles
in
food
webs
and
their
recovery
can
trigger
trophic
cascades
some
ecosystems.
Intra‐guild
competition
reduce
the
abundances
of
smaller
perceived
predation
risk
alter
foraging
behaviour
thereby
limiting
seed
dispersal
by
frugivorous
carnivores.
However,
little
is
known
about
how
plant–frugivore
mutualisms
could
be
disturbed
presence
larger
predators.
We
evaluated
top‐down
effect
regional
superpredator,
Iberian
lynx
Lynx
pardinus
,
on
number
visits
fruits
consumed
medium‐sized
carnivores,
as
well
identified
individuals,
examining
consumption
likelihood
time.
carried
out
a
field
experiment
which
we
placed
pear
Pyrus
bourgaeana
beneath
fruiting
trees
monitored
removal
both
inside
outside
ranges.
Using
camera
traps,
recorded
red
fox
Vulpes
vulpes
Eurasian
badger
Meles
meles
stone
marten
Martes
foina
they
time
spent
foraging.
Red
was
most
frequent
fruit
consumer
carnivore.
found
there
were
fewer
less
foxes
ranges,
but
did
not
seem
to
affect
badgers.
observe
any
territories.
The
also
altered
ranges
whereby
efficient,
consuming
per
unit
having
shorter
visits.
Local
availability
resources,
forest
coverage
individual
personality
important
variables
understand
visitation
landscape
fear.
Our
results
show
potential
cascade
from
apex
primary
producers.
carnivore
numbers
induce
shifts
feeding
that
may
modify
patterns
with
likely
consequences
for
demography
many
fleshy‐fruited
plant
species.
conclude
knowledge
ecological
interactions
making
up
an
asset
design
effective
conservation
strategies,
particularly
rewilding
programs.
Carnivores
play
key
roles
in
maintaining
ecosystem
structure
and
function
as
well
ecological
processes.
Understanding
how
sympatric
species
coexist
natural
ecosystems
is
a
central
research
topic
community
ecology
biodiversity
conservation.
In
this
study,
we
explored
intra-
interspecific
niche
partitioning
along
spatial,
temporal,
dietary
between
apex
carnivores
(wolf
Canis
lupus
,
snow
leopard
Panthera
uncia
Eurasian
lynx
Lynx
)
mesocarnivores
(Pallas’s
cat
Otocolobus
manul
red
fox
Vulpes
vulpes
Tibetan
ferrilata
Qilian
Mountain
National
Park,
China,
using
camera
trapping
data
DNA
metabarcoding
sequencing
data.
Our
study
showed
that
carnivore
had
more
overlap
temporally
(coefficients
of
ranging
from
0.661
to
0.900)
or
trophically
(Pianka’s
index
0.458
0.892),
mesocarnivore
high
with
each
other
0.945
0.997),
temporal
0.497
0.855).
Large
was
observed
wolf
=
0.892)
Pallas’s
suggesting
the
potential
for
increased
resource
competition
these
pairs.
We
concluded
spatial
likely
driver
facilitating
coexistence
species,
while
facilitate
species.
findings
consider
across
dimensions
examining
diverse
patterns
China.
These
will
contribute
substantially
current
understanding
guilds
effective
conservation
management
fragile
alpine
ecosystems.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(1)
Published: July 14, 2022
Temporal
and
spatio-temporal
niche
partitioning
is
an
important
strategy
for
carnivore
coexistence.
Camera-trap
data
has
been
analyzed
through
several
methods
to
assess
the
temporal
partitioning.
However,
different
analytical
approaches
used
may
evaluate
detect
results.
In
this
study,
we
evaluated
or
among
sympatric
medium-sized
carnivores,
red
foxes,
raccoon
dogs,
Japanese
martens,
based
on
three
methods-the
overlap,
co-occurrence,
time-to-encounter
analysis-to
evaluate.
From
May
October
2019
2020,
obtained
activity
of
target
species
using
camera-traps
in
northeastern
Japan.
We
with
coefficient
probabilistic
co-occurrence
analysis,
checkerboard
score,
multi-response
permutation
procedures.
The
results
assessment
differed
depending
Therefore,
conclude
that
choice
approach
evaluating