Making Neurobots and Chimerical Ctenophores DOI Creative Commons
Leonid L. Moroz, Tigran P. Norekian

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 28, 2024

Abstract Making living machines using biological materials (cells, tissues, and organs) is one of the challenges in developmental biology modern biomedicine. Constraints regeneration potential immune self-defense mechanisms limit progress field. Here, we present unanticipated features related to self-recognition ancestral neuro-immune architectures new emerging reference species - ctenophores or comb jellies. These are descendants earliest survival metazoan lineage with unique organs independent origins major animal traits such as neurons, muscles, mesoderm, through-gut. Thus, convergently evolved complex organization, compared bilaterians. Nevertheless, their neural systems likely functionally coupled, enabling designs experimental construction hybrid even entire animals. This report illustrates impressive opportunities build both chimeric animals neurobots models for bioengineering. The obtained from three ctenophore ( Bolinopsis, Mnemiopsis , Pleurobrachia ) were able be autonomous survive days. In sum, unification biodiversity, cell biology, neuroscience opens unprecedented synthetic biology.

Language: Английский

On the prospects of basal cognition research becoming fully evolutionary: promising avenues and cautionary notes DOI Creative Commons
Alejandro Fábregas‐Tejeda, Matthew Sims

History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 47(1)

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Electrical Signaling Beyond Neurons DOI Creative Commons
Travis Monk, Nik Dennler, Nicholas Ralph

et al.

Neural Computation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(10), P. 1939 - 2029

Published: Aug. 14, 2024

Abstract Neural action potentials (APs) are difficult to interpret as signal encoders and/or computational primitives. Their relationships with stimuli and behaviors obscured by the staggering complexity of nervous systems themselves. We can reduce this observing that “simpler” neuron-less organisms also transduce into transient electrical pulses affect their behaviors. Without a complicated system, APs often easier understand signal/response mechanisms. review examples nonneural stimulus transductions in domains life largely neglected theoretical neuroscience: bacteria, protozoans, plants, fungi, animals. report properties those signals—for example, amplitudes, durations, ionic bases, refractory periods, particularly ecological purposes. compare neurons infer tasks selection pressures satisfy. Throughout tree life, time behavioral responses environmental changes. Nonneural represent presence or absence an signal. usually exhibit high sensitivity specificity stimulus, but slow compared neurons. Neurons appear be sacrificing for speed. cellular cell’s assertion it detected something important at moment time. In particular, we consider neural fast noisy detection assertions. principal goal is detect extremely weak signals from sensory spikes under enormous pressure. discuss computation proposals address casting devices implement online, analog, probabilistic computations membrane potentials. Those imply measurable relationship between afferent spiking statistics efferent electrophysiology.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Functional evolution and functional biodiversity: 150 years of déjà vu or new physiology of evolution? DOI Creative Commons
Leonid L. Moroz, Daria Y. Romanova

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Oct. 24, 2024

Research at the intersections of different scientific fields is primary catalyst to solicit novel disciplines and expand frontiers knowledge. Quantum physics in chemistry biology, artificial intelligence, nanoscience, advances genomic revolution with costefficient sequencing conceptually radically changed paradigms profound public economic impacts. The current Frontiers' research topic further stresses need for integrative studies, advocating Eco-evo-devo as an emerging discipline biology by expanding 'traditional evo-devo" ecology.On a deeper level, this recurring persistent déjà vu history ever since Darwin-Wallace papers (Darwin Wallace, 1858), when it was confirmed, still impossible understand biological phenomena without deciphering evolutionary mechanisms all levels changing ecosystems (using modern terminology). Arguably, "first rigorous formulation concept evolution, made just over century ago, most useful one we have had" (Carneiro, 1972). In his masterpieces, Darwin bridged geology, ecology, biogeography, biodiversity, types selection, development, psychology behaviors (Darwin, 1872;Darwin, 1880). Today, unification mechanistic systemic understanding processes reflects ongoing societal challenges under accelerating information tsunami. Here, emphasize two aspects demanding approaches.The first problematics (more elaborated opinion) bottleneck education, training biosystematics courses, which deal fundamental concepts quietly lost their place eminence within biomedical curriculum-"outcompeted" escalating specialization increasingly technical nature many (Moroz, 2010).The second equally critical our functional evolution (Fig. 1) hierarchical architectures real-time physiological metabolic/biochemical interactions underlying adaptations that can explain biodiversity dynamics on planet. incorporation web life into 'genomic' will better forecast biota's resilience environmental stressors. That -the strategy marry physiology organizations (from genomes behaviors) classical micro-and macro-evolution. We stress more term rather than particular functions, is, multilevel reconstruction individual traits from proteins behaviors, also known physiology. these definitions, numerous details diverse functions cells, tissue, organs' systems be united components 1). broadest sense, should not differentiate terms "functional evolution" "evolution" such. studies significantly approaches overdominance gene-centric continuing focus genes then 'jump' organismal phenotypes studies. Thus, richer broader framework, where understood levels, opposed gross (organismal) definition function ecosystems.Competition selection occur integration, requiring decision-making, including learning memory, homeostatic mechanisms, adaptive metabolism, immunity 2). especially point out necessity organisms highly dynamic subjected work semi-autonomous integrated emergent properties each level increased complexity. Such viewed collective intelligence heterogeneous cell populations both simpler complex metazoans placozoans cuttlefishes) social behaviors.Functional embraces (Romanes Moulton, 1886) so-called Baldwin effect (Baldwin, 1896c;Morgan, 1896;Osborn, 1896;Baldwin, 1897;Simpson, 1953;Newman, 2002;Sznajder et al., 2012). ability adaptability accelerates forming, even making, internal spaces, therefore giving extra time natural act; favoring range physiological, epigenetic, stereotyped, learned behavioral outcomes feedback platforms evolution.What remarkable -these questions directions been recurrently again 150 years, sometimes changes scope meaning terms. would informative refer briefly, summarize past frameworks.Physiology somewhat missing elephant palace today evo-devo particular. derived ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis -'nature, origin') -λογία (-logía -'study of') (Fletcher, 1835;Gontier, 2024) traced back 1628 William Harvey blood circulation conceptual framework (Harvey, 1628;Whitteridge, 1964;Whitteridge, 1978). American Physiological Society defines science (https://www.physoc.org/explorephysiology/what-is-physiology/), its primarily based cellular-molecular interactions. subject living (i.e., cells self-autonomous respective functions) vs. non-living systems, include gene sequences, or locations expression, subcellular molecular ensembles (and regulatory networks array defined homeostasis identity behaviors).For key integration multifunctional obtain energy, survive, reproduce Wallace were comparative physiologists ecologists who worked decipher origin species. fact, member very beginning foundation 1876 (Sharpey-Schafer, 1927), collaborating 1886), see (Noble Noble, 2023a).Literally, word means 'unrolled', refers books rolled wooden rods (McCabe, 1921), gradually transforming Bonnet's unfolding human embryo perfectly formed "homunculus", eventually 'descent modification', theories facts (Mayr, 2001) illuminating causes, tempo, 3.5+ billion-year planet 10-100 million extant species, 33 animal phyla, global ecosystems.As noted 1972), because original doctrine preformations (e.g., reading already written text tiny preexisting homunculus), Lamark did use famous book (Lamarck, 1809), focusing role development properties. Interestingly, throughout five editions "Origins Species". concluded, however, masterpiece "evolved". Spencer's terminology preempted (Spencer, 1863) "survival fittest" interplay environment.Soon, embryology led impactful origins, Gastrea (Haeckel, 1874) Phagocytella (Metschnikoff, 1886). end XIX eco-evo-devo Furthermore, Metschnikoff's phagocytella included (phagocytosis) system germ layers' formation predecessors factors general origins developmental gastrulation) These views preformation employing (rather static morphology) subjects adaptation.The shifted early physiology, 'how' ('what for') something works coupled 'why' such way (or 'how come' - 1961)) result genealogy long planetary history. Why do observe certain cellular ctenophores, placozoans, cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods, chordates instead others? "why" target causes exaptations (Gould Vrba, 1982) reconstruct ecosystems.Why, example, are neurons so other given species across phyla? One possible answer demands neural circuit behavior. Another distinct neuronal population forming nets brains has history, and, result, carry heavy burdens primordial pastneurons they genealogies. words, might independently evolve secretory products could preserved explaining astonishing diversity signal molecules chemoconnectomes 2) deep ancestry 2014;2021). distinctive ancestries either limit facilitate future opportunities adapt changeable environments. provide constraints emergence resistance stress, disease, injury. Remarkable examples extensive parallel (compared exist enabling forecasts not) anthropogenic climate changes. Yet, new experimental designs needed reveal loss complexity, extinctions stressed reviewers: "Understanding "physiological life" gaining purchase how, why, when, whom eukaryotic choose partner propel solutions problems." Holozoan ancestors evolved Ediacaran dominated prokaryotes. And, today's ecosystems, microbiome complexity continues shape, drive, dramatically change paths trajectories via cross-kingdom signaling (Heyland Moroz, 2005) horizontal transfer (HGT) omnipresent viromes, contributing innovations transposon-derived transcription (Mukherjee 2023), example. By itself, fully justifies efforts preserve entire microbes (Averill 2022) eukaryotes preconditions Planetary Health (Bertram 2024).Even Aristotle 'causes themselves (Okasha, 2024), which, perception, As separate discipline, established nearly (Orbeli, 1941;1961;Natochin Chernigovskaya, 1997;Svidersky, 2002;Natochin, 2009;Natochin, 2017).In part, situation due multicellular phyla. deficit clearly recognized XX (Lucas, 1909). "evolutionary physiology" coined A.N. Severtzov 1914 complement what morphology (Severtzov, 1914;Natochin, 2010). Physiology remains approach inherently focused myriads leading stereotyped behaviors.The (a) ecological controls, (b) ontogenesis, (c) clinical recoveries pathologies, (d) unique methodology 1941;1961). If traditional thoughts, remaining entirely 1940s-1960s yet well enable sufficient cross-links fields. Leon Orbeli developed earlier 1), specifically interpretations medical pathologies insights ion transport 1941;1961;Ginetzinsky, 1996). 60 years USSR, leadership laboratory, Institute Evolutionary Biochemistry (1956); Journal 1965. A wave reviews occurred 30 later (in 1990-2000s), calling renaissance field (Garland Carter, 1994;Feder 2000;Garland 2016;Galván 2022).Today, thousands sequenced, biomedicine gained momentum successful stories specific various pathogens, preconditions, preventive diagnostics Mendelian diseases, parts personalized medicine. Most recruit constrained ancestral gene/cellular programs stressful disease-driven tissue microenvironments. For acquired Neanderthal beyond, them deeply embedded metabolic (Zeberg cognitive capabilities. All events affected countless generations, modularity multidomain protein assemblies (McCoy Fire, 2024;Moroz, 2024).We highlight recent strong statements Denis Noble: (i) restores purpose 2023a); (ii) Genes blueprint (Noble, 2024). Noble's words: "The genome code, set instructions. It tool orchestrated system" 2023b). First, vast majority single 'pre-set' determined DNA sequence perfect multi-modal roles channels control 2021) compensatory redundancy systems; second, there emerging, often unpredictable, deduced components. only habitats situ) experimentally unroll logics know it, perhaps unified theme proactively 'explore' environment 'learn' 'eat' reproduce.Admittedly, how trace neural, hormonal, immune 2021)) genome-scale any type genealogical lineage. Indeed, cancer disease operation contexts. Integrative 3D co-expressed largely unknown referred 'genomic dark matter' undetermined redundancy. With trillions body, 10,000 differentially expressed type, task uncovering seems impossible. Traditional knockout gains sufficient, limited success number model representing few specialized lineages 30+ phyla 100+ classes 2018). reference introduced (Striedter 2014), stressing importance studying taxa multiple niches phyla.We confident complementary ecophysiological possible; executed nearest experiments performed Mother Nature 3.5 billion advent floating laboratories 2015). Pioneering Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (Schmidt- Nielsen, 1997) George Somero (Somero Hochachka, 2002;Somero 2017;Somero, ecophysiology system, biochemical validate feasibility breakthroughs strategies.Today, 4D+ (space time) single-cell multi-omics imaging efficiently cycles, identification heterogenous convergent recruitments homologous lineages, tree trees life. However, technologies required quantification probe between eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea, viromes ecosystems."Physiology became completely excluded countries, no longer taught courses universities. Nor Biology courses" 2023). Noble calls "a mistake", associated gene-/genome-centric view evolution. Although ideas century, apparently influence theories.We argue can't 'live survive' situ, (not lab cages) urgently organization, behaviors. must currently neglected 'minor' Placozoa Ctenophora, Dicyemida Orthonectida, 20+ others (Nielsen, 2012;Moroz, 2018), relative simplicity phylogenetic position, represent crucial integrate hundreds individually pathways behaviors.What cause drive 'functional' evolution? behavior pacemaker 2001), indicated "learned characterize beginnings", placing before genes.We little about three fundamentals.(1) What make hierarchies level?(2) How affect genes, neuron-specific changes, connectivity species?(3) elementary cognitions, "intelligence" aggregates (Levin, 2023) trigger subsequent genetic flow populations, potentially reinforcing patterns?The recognition factor 1953), grown evidence accelerated (Hinton Nowlan, 1987;Smith, 1987), adaptability, enigmatic innate instincts 1896b;Baldwin, 1896a;Dennett, 2003;Bateson, 2004;Pigliucci, 2005;Crispo, 2007;Badyaev Uller, 2009;Sznajder 2012;Loison, 2021).Nearly modified learning. Phylogeny dawn memory injury (Walters 2009) mediated conservative toolkit small peptides (= chemoconnectomics (Moroz 2021;Moroz Romanova, phenotypic plasticity levels. Organismal increase survival; occurs somatic gametes) affects tools 1987). neuroplasticity numerically Aplysia kin revealed rapid epigenetic co-opting RNA methylation machinery piwi toolkits (Day Sweatt, 2010;Rajasethupathy 2012;Kandel 2014;Pearce 2017;Bedecarrats 2018;Carney, 2018;Yang 2018;Kim, 2019;Huang learning, give space playgrounds.The quest reopens discussion physicochemical 'agency' 'purpose' 1961;Corning 2023;Noble 2023a;b). Darwinian cell-cell general? agency, organism individuality apparent 'goal-directness,' testable hypothesis ecosystems) directly forecasting approach. 'organism-as-agent' heuristic motivation "consciously aim maximize inclusive fitness interactions, but behave if do" require elusive life, hopefully next optimistic forecast.All continue together symbionts parasites land ocean ecosystems. Rephrasing Peter Medawar, conclude alternative thinking think all. "physiology" "Logic Life" sooner inherent every student's curriculum, greater progress expect generation scientists clinic, ecosystems.Perhaps curriculum (evolutionary medicine) crush course(s) (introductory lectures, principles) chemists, physicists, bioengineers, mathematicians/computer/AI worldwide interdisciplinary Frontiers politics.Figure 1: Functional Evolution subdisciplines Physiology. highlights evolve, whole organism, contribute adaptation, survival, diversification. Under similar illuminates Notable, revisit evolution; urgent paying attention traits, neuronal, top hierarchies. Figure 2. Five Systems reproduction hierarchy widespread controls. interact using chemical chemoconnectome, broad spectrum electrochemical communications (neuro)transmitters hormones. chemoconnectome core organization neurobiological (=Baldwin effect- 1897;Loison, 2021)), reproductive success, progeny 1987;Anderson, essential novelties adaptations, nervous lineages. "Integrative activity" levels: operations organs bodies, emphasizing fact level. This unites ecology processes.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Making Neurobots and Chimerical Ctenophores DOI Creative Commons
Leonid L. Moroz, Tigran P. Norekian

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 28, 2024

Abstract Making living machines using biological materials (cells, tissues, and organs) is one of the challenges in developmental biology modern biomedicine. Constraints regeneration potential immune self-defense mechanisms limit progress field. Here, we present unanticipated features related to self-recognition ancestral neuro-immune architectures new emerging reference species - ctenophores or comb jellies. These are descendants earliest survival metazoan lineage with unique organs independent origins major animal traits such as neurons, muscles, mesoderm, through-gut. Thus, convergently evolved complex organization, compared bilaterians. Nevertheless, their neural systems likely functionally coupled, enabling designs experimental construction hybrid even entire animals. This report illustrates impressive opportunities build both chimeric animals neurobots models for bioengineering. The obtained from three ctenophore ( Bolinopsis, Mnemiopsis , Pleurobrachia ) were able be autonomous survive days. In sum, unification biodiversity, cell biology, neuroscience opens unprecedented synthetic biology.

Language: Английский

Citations

0