Trends and Variability in Earth’s Energy Imbalance and Ocean Heat Uptake Since 2005

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(6), P. 1721 - 1756

Published: July 29, 2024

Abstract Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI) is a fundamental metric of global Earth system change, quantifying the cumulative impact natural and anthropogenic radiative forcings feedback. To date, most precise measurements EEI change are obtained through radiometric observations at top atmosphere (TOA), while quantification absolute magnitude facilitated heat inventory analysis, where ~ 90% uptake manifests as an increase in ocean content (OHC). Various international groups provide OHC datasets derived from situ satellite observations, well reanalyses ingesting many available observations. The WCRP formed GEWEX-EEI Assessment Working Group to better understand discrepancies, uncertainties reconcile current knowledge magnitude, variability trends. Here, 21 (OHU) rates intercompared, providing OHU estimates ranging between 0.40 ± 0.12 0.96 0.08 W m −2 (2005–2019), spread that slightly reduced when unequal sampling accounted for, largely attributable differing source data, mapping methods quality control procedures. rate varies substantially − 0.03 0.13 (reanalysis product) 1.1 0.6 dec −1 (satellite product). Products either more regularly observe (satellites) or fill data-sparse regions based on additional physical (some reanalysis hybrid products) tend track than purely situ-based products. This paper also examines zonal trends TOA fluxes data gaps trend estimates. community aims refine their assessment studies, forge path toward best practices, e.g., uncertainty quantification, formulate recommendations for future activities.

Language: Английский

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METEOSAT Long-Term Observations Reveal Changes in Convective Organization Over Tropical Africa and Atlantic Ocean

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 4, 2024

Language: Английский

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A Multi-satellite Perspective on “Hot Tower” Characteristics in the Equatorial Trough Zone

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 6, 2024

In 1979, Herbert Riehl and Joanne Simpson (Malkus) analytically estimated that 1600–2400 undilute convective cores vertically transport energy to the tropopause at any given time within a region where upper-tropospheric is only exported from tropics. The focus of this paper update estimate using modern satellite observations, compare hot tower frequency intensity characteristics all deep reach upper troposphere, document spatiotemporal variability in relation precipitation high cloud properties tropical trough zone (between 13 °S 19 °N). Cloud vertical profiles CloudSat CALIPSO measurements supply core diameters proxies for activity, these are augmented with brightness temperature data geostationary information IMERG, radiative CERES. Less than 35% classified as towers, we 800–1700 towers occur over course day, mean maximum occurring year when peak occur. Convective objects contain frequently multiple cores, largest systems five or more distinct most regions organized mesoscale highest climatological rain rates known Analysis co-located radar infrared temperatures reveals passive observations alone not sufficient unambiguously distinguish simple thresholds.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of the concept of cloud-climate feedbacks

Journal of the European Meteorological Society., Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 1, P. 100004 - 100004

Published: Oct. 21, 2024

Language: Английский

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Special Issue on Earth’s Changing Water and Energy Cycle

Surveys in Geophysics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(6), P. 1715 - 1720

Published: Dec. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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