COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report

Virus Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 288, P. 198114 - 198114

Published: Aug. 12, 2020

Language: Английский

---

Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 749, P. 141364 - 141364

Published: July 31, 2020

Language: Английский

---

From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 85, P. 104502 - 104502

Published: Aug. 13, 2020

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 Accessory Proteins in Viral Pathogenesis: Knowns and Unknowns

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: July 7, 2021

There are still many unanswered questions concerning viral SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in COVID-19. Accessory proteins consist of eleven whose roles during infection not completely understood. Here, a review on the current knowledge accessory is summarized updating new research that could be critical understanding interaction with host. Some such as ORF3b, ORF6, ORF7a and ORF8 have been shown to important IFN-I antagonists inducing an impairment host immune response. In addition, ORF3a involved apoptosis whereas others like ORF9b ORF9c interact cellular organelles leading suppression antiviral response infected cells. However, possible ORF7b ORF10 awaiting described. Also, ORF3d has reassigned. Relevant information knowns unknowns these analyzed, which crucial for further design strategies counteracting their actions evading responses

Language: Английский

---

The Enzymatic Activity of the nsp14 Exoribonuclease Is Critical for Replication of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 94(23)

Published: Sept. 16, 2020

Coronaviruses (CoVs) stand out for their large RNA genome and complex RNA-synthesizing machinery comprising 16 nonstructural proteins (nsps). The bifunctional nsp14 contains 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domains. While the latter presumably supports mRNA capping, ExoN is thought to mediate proofreading during replication. In line with such a role, knockout mutants of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were previously reported have crippled but viable hypermutation phenotypes. Remarkably, using reverse genetics, set corresponding mutations has now been found be lethal another betacoronavirus, Middle East (MERS-CoV). For 13 mutants, viral progeny could not recovered, unless-as happened occasionally-reversion had first occurred. Only single mutant was viable, likely because its E191D substitution highly conservative. SARS-CoV-2 unable replicate, resembling observations made alpha- gammacoronaviruses, starkly contrasting documented phenotype closely related SARS-CoV. Subsequently, we established

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2: from its discovery to genome structure, transcription, and replication

Cell & Bioscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: July 19, 2021

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious respiratory virus causing adult atypical pneumonia COVID-19 with severe acute syndrome (SARS). has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA (+RNA) genome of ~ 29.9 kb and exhibits significant genetic shift from different isolates. After entering the susceptible cells expressing both ACE2 TMPRSS2, directly functions as mRNA to translate two polyproteins ORF1a ORF1b region, which are cleaved by viral proteases into sixteen non-structural proteins (nsp1-16) initiate replication transcription. The also encodes four structural (S, E, M N) up six accessory (3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9b) proteins, but their translation requires newly synthesized individual subgenomic RNAs (sgRNA) in infected cells. Synthesis full-length genomic (gRNA) sgRNAs conducted inside double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) transcription complex (RTC), comprises nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp12, nsp13 short primer. To produce sgRNAs, RTC starts synthesis highly structured gRNA 3' end switches template at various regulatory sequence (TRS B ) sites along body probably mediated long-distance RNA–RNA interaction. TRS motif 5' leader L responsible for interaction upstream each ORF skipping between them sgRNAs. Abundance depend on location read-through efficiency . Although more studies needed, unprecedented pandemic taught world painful lesson that invest proactively prepare future emergence other types coronaviruses any possible biological horrors.

Language: Английский

---

Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 129, P. 110493 - 110493

Published: July 3, 2020

Despite intense research there is currently no effective vaccine available against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in later 2019 and responsible for COVID-19 pandemic. This infectious communicable disease has become one of major public health challenges world. The clinical management been limited to infection prevention control measures associated with supportive care such as supplemental oxygen mechanical ventilation. Meanwhile efforts find an treatment inhibit virus replication, mitigate symptoms, increase survival decrease mortality rate are ongoing. Several classes drugs, many them already use other diseases, being evaluated based on body knowledge obtained from infected patients regarding natural history evolution infection. Herein we will provide updated overview current drugs therapeutic agents tested COVID-19. These include different antiviral (chloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab), supporting (Vitamin C, Vitamin D, azithromycin, corticosteroids) promising investigational vaccines. Considering controversies excessive number compounds reported literature hope that this review can useful consolidated information potential used prevent, treat worldwide.

Language: Английский

---

Nonstructural Protein 1 of SARS-CoV-2 Is a Potent Pathogenicity Factor Redirecting Host Protein Synthesis Machinery toward Viral RNA

Molecular Cell, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 80(6), P. 1055 - 1066.e6

Published: Oct. 30, 2020

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target

Cell Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 31(8), P. 847 - 860

Published: June 10, 2021

Cytokine storm and multi-organ failure are the main causes of SARS-CoV-2-related death. However, origin excessive damages caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains largely unknown. Here we show that envelope (2-E) protein alone is able to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like in vitro vivo. 2-E proteins were found form a type pH-sensitive cation channels bilayer lipid membranes. As observed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, heterologous expression induced rapid cell death various susceptible types robust secretion cytokines chemokines macrophages. Intravenous administration purified into mice ARDS-like pathological lung spleen. A dominant negative mutation lowering channel activity attenuated production. Newly identified inhibitors exhibited potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 excellent protective these activities positively correlated with inhibition channel. Importantly, prophylactic therapeutic inhibitor effectively reduced both viral load inflammation lungs transgenic expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2). Our study supports promising drug target against SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 mediated neuroinflammation and the impact of COVID-19 in neurological disorders

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 58, P. 1 - 15

Published: Feb. 21, 2021

Language: Английский

---