A Review of Carbohydrate Supplementation Approaches and Strategies for Optimizing Performance in Elite Long-Distance Endurance

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(5), P. 918 - 918

Published: March 6, 2025

Carbohydrate supplementation is a common practice among endurance athletes participating in long-distance competitions. However, glycogen storage regulation, in-competition blood glucose levels, and their relationship with athletic performance are influenced by multiple factors. This review summarizes the recent research progress on carbohydrate supplementation, addressing its applications pre-, during-, post-competition phases. It explores variables that influence effectiveness of provides summary strategies, based six key aspects: properties, multi-nutrient interactions, gastrointestinal function, individual differences (such as age gender), environmental conditions, psychological The combination different types, ratios, concentrations carbohydrates has been demonstrated to enhance efficiency digestion absorption. synergistic protein, sodium, caffeine intake demonstrates enhanced efficacy strategies. Gastrointestinal tolerance training for identified an effective measure alleviate discomfort during high-dose intake. adjustment carbohydrate-to-fat ratio type found mitigate impact gender menstrual cycles substrate utilization. Modifying timing regulating concentration temperature solutions competition have facilitate coping elevated energy expenditure metabolic shift from fat carbohydrates, triggered factors, including special climatic conditions (e.g., high altitude, temperature, humidity, cold) emotional states pre-competition stress anxiety competition). To achieve precise major events under various competitive environments, it necessary quantitatively assess effects supported mechanistic studies. can be achieved utilizing wearable devices monitor entire competition, coupled data collection technologies, such high-throughput profiling. Furthermore, emerging analytics techniques, machine learning causal inference, should leveraged refine

Language: Английский

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Acute Restraint Stress Induces Long‐Lasting Synaptic Enhancement by Inhibiting AMPK Activation in AD Model Mice

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31(3)

Published: March 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a gradual synaptic loss. The progression of AD severely affects late‐phase long‐term potentiation (L‐LTP), which essential for memory consolidation. Aim We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects acute restraint stress (ARS) on hippocampal LTP in mouse models. This study aimed to verify and potential mechanisms ARS maintenance L‐LTP two Materials Methods 5xFAD Tg2576 mice underwent 30‐min body immobilization protocol induce ARS, followed electrophysiological recordings (> 3 h) CA1 region thehippocampus. Results ARS‐exposed group exhibited significantly enhanced compared control group. Maintenance requires new protein synthesis signaling via mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Our findings revealed that increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production reduced AMPK activity. Inactivation subsequent activation mTOR pathway were strongly associated with ARS‐facilitated enhancement L‐LTP. Furthermore, our experiments using inhibitor it effectively prevented following underscoring pivotal role this process. Conclusion may modify regulation L‐LTP, potentially triggering consolidation model mice. Identifying these underlying could help promote development novel pharmaceutical agents treatment AD.

Language: Английский

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Acute Effects of Rest Redistribution Training on Physical and Physiological Responses in Anxious Female College Students

Life, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 555 - 555

Published: March 28, 2025

(1) Background: This study compares the immediate effects of Rest Redistribution Training (RR) and Traditional Set Structure (TS) on vertical jump performance, heart rate variability (HRV), perceived exertion (RPE) in anxious female college students. (2) Methods: In a randomized experimental design, 14 students (ages 18–25, screened via Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) with scores ≥50) underwent familiarization session followed by two trials involving either RR or TS conditioning routine. Vertical jump, HRV, RPE were measured pre- post-session, during training, respectively. (3) Results: Both protocols induced significant decrements squat (SJs) countermovement (CMJs) metrics (p < 0.05), but no statistically between-group differences emerged > 0.05; SJ height: d = 0.059, 95% CI [−0.05, 0.05]; CMJ peak power: 0.253, [−0.02, 0.02]). decreases time-domain HRV indices (SDNN: 0.888, [1.07, 16.13; RMSSD: 1.511, [8.87, 27.63]) high-frequency power (HF: 0.788, [2.73, 379.71]), whereas preserved these indices. significantly reduced compared to barbell bench press: 1.132, [0.28, 1.48]; leg 0.784, [0.01, 1.31]). (4) Conclusions: comparable performance among untrained under equivalent loads; however, demonstrated superior autonomic regulation, fatigue, outcomes, highlighting its potential as low-stress alternative traditional resistance training for anxiety-prone populations.

Language: Английский

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Customizing intense interval exercise training prescription using the “frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise” (FITT) principle

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 3, 2025

Intense interval exercise training induces various physiological and metabolic adaptations related to performance health. For designing a program, the F.I.T.T. principle, referring frequency, intensity, time, type of exercise, can be used manipulate level stress in body, leading adaptations. Modifying these four parameters results wide range protocols that are safe effective for different populations including athletes individuals with chronic diseases. In this review, we present how manipulation components alter acute cardiorespiratory, metabolic, perceptual, affective responses intense training. From evidence, it appears duration bout recovery critical almost all responses, enabling periodization training, promoting optimal adherence. addition, considerable may achieved frequencies as low once or twice per week lower than maximal intensities, adding feasibility mode. Overall, by varying parameters, design an program tailored according needs abilities each individual, optimized prescription achieved.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Treadmill Running on Circulating Cortisol Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Dogs

Animals, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 1076 - 1076

Published: April 8, 2025

Basal cortisol concentration is used to screen for hypoadrenocorticism (HAD) in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, but low values often lead unnecessary ACTH stimulation tests. This study evaluated treadmill exercise as a potential alternative method stimulating release. Nineteen healthy pet (mean age: 5.2 years, median weight: 23.4 kg) were included. After baseline blood draw (T0), acclimated treats minimize stress. They then walked and trotted 10 min, followed by 30 min rest before second (T1). Pre- post-treadmill levels compared using randomization (permutation) test paired data. Median pre-exercise serum was 1.36 μg/dL (IQR: 0.9–2.095), post-exercise 1.1 0.895–1.585), no significant difference (p = 0.0915). increased 9 of 19 decreased dogs. These findings suggest that does not reliably stimulate release, assessed post-exercise. concentrations this cohort clinically lower than previously described.

Language: Английский

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Age-dependent mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of physiological and psychological pathways

Frontiers in Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 17, 2025

Depression has become one of the most common mental disorders in world. The rising incidence rate and disability pose a serious challenge to public health socio-economic development. Traditional medication psychotherapy are positive, but they often come with limitations such as side effects, poor compliance, resource constraints, which highlights urgent need for more proactive sustainable non pharmacological interventions. We mainly explored physiological psychological mechanisms exercise alleviating depression different age groups. In particular, we evaluated characteristics influencing factors each group compared pathways through works, aiming provide scientific basis clinical practice policies, strengthen application treatment management. It is worth noting that, context comprehensive search analysis recent literature, have covered epidemiology depression, impact on health, groups, specific ways alleviates mechanisms. Exercise symptoms by regulating neurotransmitters, enhancing neuroplasticity, hormone levels, reducing inflammatory responses pathways, well cognitive function, strengthening emotional regulation, triggering social interactions, improving self-efficacy pathways. differences among groups determine dependent mitigating depression. Teenagers, middle-aged people, elderly people can improve depressive neural progression, stress responses, support, respectively.

Language: Английский

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Peculiarities of changes in the level of stress resistance of elite wrestlers to loads under conditions of anaerobic glycolysis in the process of long-term adaptation

Health Technologies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. 6 - 15

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Background and purpose The search for effective mechanisms increasing the level of stress resistance body elite athletes to ever-increasing loads training competitive activities is one priority issues facing modern scientists. aim research study peculiarities changes in wrestlers with different types heart rate regulation under conditions anaerobic glycolysis process long-term use experimental models functional training. Material methods We examined 60 Greco-Roman aged 19±0.5 years. Participants were divided into groups A (sympathotonics) B (vagotonics), further subgroups. Biochemical parameters blood (CPK, LDH, cortisol) allowed assess nature adaptation compensatory reactions participants' organism a stressful stimulus during all stages study. Results At beginning both response an acute load glycolysis, character biochemical markers was revealed. In first case, regardless type regulation, we recorded increase activity LDH simultaneous decrease cortisol levels after test load. second observe significant studied stimulus. end study, low prolonged model No. 2, observed serum 1 three months contributes creatine phosphate reserves balance recruitment energy supply (creatine phosphokinase glycolysis) depending on characteristics Conclusions development sessions it necessary take account not rhythm, features change adaptation-compensatory mode Ra=0.71 combination complex exercises simulators ‘Hammer’ effectively influences processes sportsmen resistance.

Language: Английский

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Mechanism for assessing the level of functional capabilities of men of different age groups in the conditions of thai boxing

Health Technologies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. 16 - 25

Published: Feb. 27, 2025

Background and purpose The of the study is to develop a mechanism for assessing level functional capabilities men youthful early adulthood at stage initial training in Thai boxing, taking into account physiological characteristics adaptation processes effectiveness its implementation. Material methods 80 who have been engaged boxing only 6-7 months were examined. 40 participants 20±0.6 years old, others 29±2.3 old. Two test loads developed: No. 1 – repeated strike combination (low kick, jumping knee strike, elbow strike) was performed 20 s (creatine phosphokinase energy supply mechanism); 2 similar strikes (anaerobic glycolysis). features adaptive compensatory reactions assessed using heart rate variability method. Results It found that after load 1, some observed an increase vagal influence on sinus node, - decrease autonomic regulation, regardless their age group. At same time, 50% first period maturity 2, we observe shift vegetative balance towards parasympathetic activity. response central circuit rhythm which indicates manifestation mechanisms, 25% age. Under this percentage increases 4 times, among representatives it 25%. Conclusions results obtained demonstrate implementation proposed different groups training. indicate resistance stressful stimulus reserves body significantly exceed corresponding parameters

Language: Английский

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Unraveling the Molecular Underpinnings: The Therapeutic Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety Disorders

Current Medical Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 28, 2025

Language: Английский

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Impact of different exercise modalities on neuroendocrine well-being markers among university students: a study of renalase and catecholamine responses

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: May 1, 2025

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and renalase are among the key biomolecules that regulate stress responses during exercise support physiological adaptation. However, effects of different types on these remain unclear. This study aims to compare aerobic, anaerobic, strength exercises epinephrine, dopamine, levels. was conducted using a pre-test post-test controlled experimental research design. A total 80 healthy male participants aged 18-22 years were included randomly assigned into four groups: control (C), aerobic (A), anaerobic (An), training (Sa). The groups followed specific protocols for 8 weeks, 3 days per week, at same time day under standardized environmental conditions. Venous blood samples taken before after program, levels analyzed ELISA method. Significant increases in observed depending type (p < 0.01), while norepinephrine showed significant decrease only group 0.05). Epinephrine increased (36.96%), (35.42%), (27.45%) groups, decreased (6.38%). Dopamine all with highest change (38.34%). Renalase increase recorded (29.42%). demonstrated modalities induce neuroendocrine responses. All led levels, most pronounced group. Strength also produced similarly robust Norepinephrine group, non-significant reductions other groups. These findings indicate distinctly modulates hormonal enzymatic pathways involved

Language: Английский

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