Editorial: Use of cannabis derivatives in veterinary medicine
Frontiers in Veterinary Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: March 7, 2025
Editorial:
Use
of
Cannabis
Derivatives
in
Veterinary
MedicineIntroductionCannabis
species
(Cannabis
spp.)
are
pharmacologically
diverse
plants
containing
myriad
distinct
compounds,
with
the
phytocannabinoids
(pCBs)
tetrahydrocannabinolic
acid
(THCA)
and
cannabidiolic
(CBDA)
their
derivatives
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
cannabidiol
(CBD)
as
prime
examples.
The
main
pharmacodynamic
target
these
compounds
is
endocannabinoid
system
(ECS),
which
comprises
endocannabinoids
(eCBs)
such
anandamide
(AEA)
2-Arachidonoylglycerol
(2-AG),
cannabinoid
receptors
(CB)
1
2
anabolic/catabolic
enzymes
(Di
Salvo,
Conti,
Della
Rocca
2023;
Di
Salvo
et
al.
2024;
Marzo
2020;
Lutz
2020).
Inclusion
several
eCB-like
lipid
mediators,
metabolic
molecular
targets
forms
endocannabinoidome
2020).In
human
medicine,
use
cannabis-derived
products
increasing
globally
for
a
variety
indications,
post-injury
back
pain,
chronic
neuropathic
sleeping
disorders,
multiple
sclerosis,
epilepsy
others
(Klatzkow
2022;
Levinsohn
Hill
Leinen
2023).
medicine
dovetailing
this
trend
growing
interest
from
clients
veterinarians
treating
medical
conditions
animals
molecules.
In
general,
CBD
primary
entity
veterinary
but
other
molecules
being
investigated,
exemplified
Research
Topic
(e.g.
studies
CBDA)
Johns
Thomson
2024).While
cannabinoids
show
considerable
therapeutic
potential
management
osteoarthritis,
epilepsy,
pain
conditions,
there
currently
paucity
adequately
controlled
data
to
confirm
safe
effective
indications.
Considering
current
knowledge
research
gap,
goal
was
consolidate
recent
findings
results
high-quality
on
pharmacokinetics
safety
efficacy
cannabis-derivatives
animal
species.
This
turn
will
serve
basis
further
discussions
investigations
area.
editorial
synthesizes
sixteen
studies,
published
special
e-collection,
highlighting
applications
benefits
cannabis
practice.Pharmacokinetics
BioavailabilityUnderstanding
(PK)
crucial
determining
appropriate
dosing
regimens
ensuring
efficacy.
Several
have
focused
different
formulations
species:
Dogs:
comparing
four
preparations
(3
liquid
ones:
oil-based,
nanoemulsion-based
water-soluble
semi-solid
formulation)
dogs
revealed
that
provided
higher
bioavailability
faster
absorption
compared
(Limsuwan
2024).
concentration-time
profiles
were
comparable
between
oil-
water-based
formulations.
all
reached
maximum
plasma
concentration
within
3
h
post-dose,
an
average
range
92–314
μg/L,
aligns
well
Cmax
values
reported
PK
using
same
or
similar
dose
levels
2023).Another
study
demonstrated
no
difference
parameters
when
administered
either
orally
transmucosally,
indicating
not
readily
adsorbed
by
oral
mucosa
probably
swallowed
absorbed
gastrointestinal
tract
(Della
2022).In
addition,
subcutaneous
injection
liposomal-CBD
formulation
produced
detectableCBD
concentrations
6
weeks
following
(median
range):
45.2
(17.8–72.5)
ng/mL,
Tmax
4
(2–14)
days
half-life12.4
(7.7–42.6)
(Shilo-Benjamini
long-acting
properties
could
offer
advantage
patient
owner
compliance.
Finally,
Corsato
Alvarenga
shows
long-term
supplementation
broad-spectrum
hemp
oil
leads
dose-proportional
accumulation
canine
body
(Corsato
2023).
Cats:
A
administration
1:20
THC:CBD
herbal
extract
cats
has
shown
THC
quickly
absorbed,
peak
occurring
2-3
hours
post-dose
(Lyons
also
increased
dose-proportionally.
Importantly,
appears
be
lower
than
(Chicoine
2020),
suggesting
potentially
species-specific
differences
metabolism.
Another
explanation
more
general
issue
difficulty
2024).
Horses:
horses
cross-over
design
nasogastric
tube
(2
mg/kg
8
mg/kg)
CBD/CBDA-rich
product
indicated
CBDA
therefore
showed
(Thomson
Additionally,
it
biphasic
pattern.
Reported
were:
-
5.2
36.95
ng/mL;
40.35
353.56
ng/mL.
elimination
half-life
found
relatively
short
possible
calculate
due
lack
quantifiable
timepoints,
need
frequent
maintain
levels.
Also,
did
appear
impact
neurological,
behavioral
(see
below).
Eichler
mean
12.17
ng/ml
dosed
at
mg/kg.
study,
leveraging
single
escalation
(also
discussed
below),
3-compartmental
population
pharmacokinetic
(popPK)
built
describe
predict
metabolite
profiles.
urine
samples
analysed,
(7-OH-CBD)
plasma.
extensively
metabolized
high
volumes
tissue
distribution
(not
corrected
bioavailability)
resulting
extended
phase
(Eichler,
Pozniak,
Cynomolgus
macaques
(nonhuman
primate):
investigated
(CBD/ArHO),
two
(4
cynomolgus
macaques,
nonhuman
primates.
Mean
around
30
times
(456.75
vs.
15.98
ng/ml).
suggests
once
daily
chosen
insufficient
maintaining
serum
(Johns
2023).Therapeutic
ApplicationsCBD
promise
managing
various
patients,
including
inflammation,
anxiety,
although
strength
scientific
evidence
indications
can
fluctuate:
Pain
Inflammation:
Klatzkow
post-operative
tibial
plateau
leveling
osteotomy
(TPLO)
CBD/CBDA
(dosed
2–2.5mg/kg
PO
every
12
weeks)
randomized,
placebo
controlled,
blinded
clinical
trial
client-owned
2022).
Variables
included
biochemistry,
standardized
assessments
score,
weight-bearing,
lameness
Canine
Brief
Inventory.
significant
early
bone
healing.
CBA/CBDA
associated
increase
alkaline
phosphatase
(ALP)
decrease
eosinophils
association
reduced
anxiety.
Shilo-Benjamini
(liposomal)
alleviating
improving
quality
life
osteoarthritis
2023)
minimal
adverse
events.
However,
should
interpreted
cautiously
non-blinding
placebo.
Epilepsy:
Clinical
trials
reduce
frequency
severity
seizures
intractable
idiopathic
These
suggest
valuable
adjunctive
treatment
patients.
Dermatological
Conditions:
case-report
2-year
old
mixed
breed
dog
CBD-rich
full
spectrum
autoimmune
skin
disorder
discoid
lupus
erythematosus
(DLE)
(da
Silva
been
used
manage
pruritus
atopic
dermatitis
dogs.
Mariga
evaluated
effectiveness
full-spectrum
(CAD)
negative
control
(olive
oil)
based
degree
pruritus,
dermatological
evaluation
(CADESI-4
scoring)
histopathology.
however
olive
group
(Mariga
Behavioral
Disorders:
explored
anxiety
stress-related
behaviors
dogs,
some
positive
outcomes
2023).Safety
TolerabilityThe
profile
critical
consideration
its
medicine.
Most
well-tolerated
animals,
few
effects:
TPLO
result
blood
ALP
warrants
caution
serious
events
single-dose
Bookout
healthy
beagle
non-blinded,
negatively-controlled,
parallel
90-day
repeat
additional
14-day
recovery
period
(Bookout
authors
report
somnolence,
(AE)
(SAE).
There
changes
pathology
ALT,
GGT),
considered
clinically
relevant.
It
noted
Klatzow
highlight
low
AE
SAE
incidence
US
National
Animal
Supplement
Council
(NASC)
Adverse
Event
Reporting
System
(NAERS).
No
effects
observed
5
Coltherd
conducted
(6
month)
tolerance
THC-free,
distillate
(placebo)
(Coltherd
tolerated
biochemistry
haematology
data.
horses,
neurologic,
behavioral,
Moreover,
paste
(TAMACAN
XL
55%®)
events-free
Ehrle,
Machnik,
Eichler,
Jensen,
both
(0.2,
1.0
3.0
(CBD
15
days)
significantly
heart
rate,
sedation
level,
behavioural
observations
morning
cortisol
placebo.Future
DirectionsWhile
research,
e-collection
specifically,
provides
insights
into
pharmacokinetics,
areas
warrant
investigation:
Long-term
Safety:
More
needed
assess
cumulative
levels.
Dosing
regimen
optimization:
Future
focus
optimizing
(posology
duration)
maximize
exposure
subsequently
while
minimizing
effects.
Mechanisms
Action:
Understanding
pharmacodynamics
mode
action
exert
(off-target)
help
developing
targeted
treatments
specific
conditions.
Comparative
Studies:
across
provide
clearer
understanding
interspecies
inherent
underlying
physiological
mechanisms
efficacy.In
conclusion,
highlights
versatile
agent
claimed
supported
robustly
showing
intra-
variability.
Subsequently,
medicalization
presents
opportunities
challenges
professionals,
making
continued
essential
fully
elucidate
ensure
health
care.
Language: Английский
Pharmacokinetics of a single oral administration of two cannabidiol formulations in fed and fasted horses
Frontiers in Veterinary Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Feb. 19, 2025
Pain
management
in
horses
plays
a
pivotal
role
the
therapeutic
approach
to
several
diseases.
Horses
have
cannabinoid
receptors
at
level
of
dorsal
root
ganglia,
blood
vessels,
and
synoviocytes
that
can
be
up
or
down-
regulated
by
inflammatory
conditions,
justifying
possible
efficacy
exogenous
cannabinoids
(i.e.,
phytocannabinoids)
managing
painful
pathologies
this
animal
species.
However,
current
use
supplements
containing
cannabidiol
(CBD)
equines
is
based
on
anecdotal
evidence,
without
support
sufficient
pharmacokinetic
studies.
In
humans,
concentration
peak
CBD
area
under
concentration-time
curve
(AUC)
are
both
strongly
influenced
food
administration.
Also,
equids,
oral
bioavailability
some
drugs
meal
but
no
information
available
about
CBD.
This
study
investigated
pharmacokinetics
following
single
administration
two
different
formulations
pure
(oil
paste),
dosed
1
mg/kg,
times
oil
paste
were
administered
orally
mg/kg
eight
healthy
according
cross
over
design,
samples
taken
pre-fixed
time-points
for
analyses.
The
obtained
data
did
not
allow
statistically
significant
differences
between
(paste
oil)
feeding
time
(fed
fasted
status).
treatment
with
paste,
Cmax
was
achieved
shorter
range
compared
oily
formulation,
indicating
it
could
better
formulation
consider
future
equine
Language: Английский