Vaccination as a Promising Approach in Cardiovascular Risk Mitigation: Are We Ready to Embrace a Vaccine Strategy? DOI Creative Commons

Georgios Tsioulos,

Natalia G. Vallianou, Alexandros Skourtis

et al.

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(12), P. 1637 - 1637

Published: Dec. 20, 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading global health concern, with atherosclerosis being its principal cause. Standard CVD treatments primarily focus on mitigating cardiovascular (CV) risk factors through lifestyle changes and cholesterol-lowering therapies. As is marked by chronic arterial inflammation, the innate adaptive immune systems play vital roles in progression, either exacerbating or alleviating development. This intricate interplay positions system as compelling therapeutic target. Consequently, immunomodulatory strategies have gained increasing attention, though none yet reached widespread clinical adoption. Safety concerns, particularly suppression of host defenses, remain significant barrier to application anti-inflammatory Recent decades revealed role responses plaque-associated autoantigens atherogenesis, opening new perspectives for targeted immunological interventions. Preclinical models indicate that vaccines targeting specific atherosclerosis-related can slow progression while preserving systemic function. In this context, numerous experimental studies advanced understanding vaccine development exploring diverse pathways. Key include passive immunization using naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies active low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) apolipoproteins, such apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) CIII (ApoCIII). Other approaches involve formulations aimed at proteins regulate metabolism, including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3). Furthermore, literature highlights potential developing non-lipid-related vaccines, key targets heat shock (HSPs), interleukins (ILs), angiotensin III (Ang III), disintegrin metalloproteinase thrombospondin motifs 7 (ADAMTS-7). However, translating these promising findings into safe effective therapies presents substantial challenges. review provides critical evaluation current anti-atherosclerotic vaccination strategies, examines their proposed mechanisms action, discusses challenges need be overcome enable translation.

Language: Английский

Macrophage polarisation and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Implications for prevention and treatment DOI Creative Commons
Bo Yang,

Sanhua Hang,

Siting Xu

et al.

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. e32073 - e32073

Published: May 29, 2024

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by plaque accumulation in the arteries. Macrophages are immune cells that crucial development of atherosclerosis. can adopt different phenotypes, with M1 phenotype promoting inflammation while M2 counteracting it. This review focuses on factors drive polarisation macrophages towards pro-inflammatory during AS. Additionally, we explored metabolic reprogramming mechanisms and cytokines secretion macrophages. Hyperlipidaemia widely recognised as major risk factor for Modified lipoproteins released presence hyperlipidaemia trigger release recruit circulating monocytes, which adhere to damaged endothelium differentiate into engulf lipids, leading formation foam cells. As atherosclerosis progresses, become necrotic core within atherosclerotic plaques, destabilising them triggering ischaemic disease. Furthermore, discuss recent research focusing targeting or pathways preventive therapeutic purposes. These include statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, promising nanotargeted drugs. new developments hold potential prevention treatment its related complications.

Language: Английский

Citations

9
Development of a PCSK9-targeted nanoparticle vaccine to effectively decrease the hypercholesterolemia DOI Creative Commons

Qiannan Fang,

Xinyu Lu, Yuanqiang Zhu

et al.

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(6), P. 101614 - 101614

Published: June 1, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Recent advances in immunotherapy targeting CETP proteins for atherosclerosis prevention DOI Creative Commons
Wenhui Hu, Feng Han,

Ying Liu

et al.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a key role in lipoprotein metabolism, and its activity has been linked to the risk of atherosclerosis (AS). CETP inhibitors, such as obicetrapib, represent novel approach immunotherapy reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by targeting lipid metabolism. In addition, vaccines are being explored strategy for prevention treatment ASCVD inducing body produce antibodies against CETP, which is expected activity, thereby increasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels. This paper provides comprehensive overview structure mechanisms progress last decade, possible ideas future development drugs optimization immunization strategies.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Targeted drug delivery systems for atherosclerosis DOI Creative Commons
Liangxing Tu,

Zijian Zou,

Yang Ye

et al.

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: April 23, 2025

Atherosclerosis is a complex cardiovascular disease driven by multiple factors, including aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque rupture. The progression of this often covert, emphasizing the need for early biomarkers effective intervention measures. In recent years, advancements in therapeutic strategies have highlighted potential targeting specific processes atherosclerosis, such as localization, macrophage activity, key enzymes. Based on this, review discusses role targeted drugs treatment atherosclerosis. It also focuses their clinical efficacy anti-atherosclerosis ability to provide more precise approaches. findings underscore that future research can concentrate exploring newer drug delivery systems further refine enhance long-term dynamic management

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Transforming hypercholesterolemia management: Spotlight on PCSK9 peptide vaccines DOI Creative Commons
Amirhossein Sahebkar, Maciej Banach

Cell Reports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(9), P. 101726 - 101726

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Vaccination as a Promising Approach in Cardiovascular Risk Mitigation: Are We Ready to Embrace a Vaccine Strategy? DOI Creative Commons

Georgios Tsioulos,

Natalia G. Vallianou, Alexandros Skourtis

et al.

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(12), P. 1637 - 1637

Published: Dec. 20, 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading global health concern, with atherosclerosis being its principal cause. Standard CVD treatments primarily focus on mitigating cardiovascular (CV) risk factors through lifestyle changes and cholesterol-lowering therapies. As is marked by chronic arterial inflammation, the innate adaptive immune systems play vital roles in progression, either exacerbating or alleviating development. This intricate interplay positions system as compelling therapeutic target. Consequently, immunomodulatory strategies have gained increasing attention, though none yet reached widespread clinical adoption. Safety concerns, particularly suppression of host defenses, remain significant barrier to application anti-inflammatory Recent decades revealed role responses plaque-associated autoantigens atherogenesis, opening new perspectives for targeted immunological interventions. Preclinical models indicate that vaccines targeting specific atherosclerosis-related can slow progression while preserving systemic function. In this context, numerous experimental studies advanced understanding vaccine development exploring diverse pathways. Key include passive immunization using naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies active low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) apolipoproteins, such apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) CIII (ApoCIII). Other approaches involve formulations aimed at proteins regulate metabolism, including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3). Furthermore, literature highlights potential developing non-lipid-related vaccines, key targets heat shock (HSPs), interleukins (ILs), angiotensin III (Ang III), disintegrin metalloproteinase thrombospondin motifs 7 (ADAMTS-7). However, translating these promising findings into safe effective therapies presents substantial challenges. review provides critical evaluation current anti-atherosclerotic vaccination strategies, examines their proposed mechanisms action, discusses challenges need be overcome enable translation.

Language: Английский

Citations

1