Lithium, Inflammation and Neuroinflammation with Emphasis on Bipolar Disorder—A Narrative Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(24), P. 13277 - 13277

Published: Dec. 11, 2024

This narrative review examines lithium’s effects on immune function, inflammation and cell survival, particularly in bipolar disorder (BD) vitro studies, animal models clinical studies. In studies show that high lithium concentrations (5 mM, beyond the therapeutic window) reduce interleukin (IL)-1β production monocytes enhance T-lymphocyte resistance, suggesting a protective role against death. Lithium modulates oxidative stress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-ƙB activity reducing nitric oxide production. At therapeutically relevant levels, increased both pro-inflammatory [interferon (INF)-γ, IL-8 tumor necrosis (TNF)-α)] anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines whole blood supernatant culture healthy volunteers, influencing balance of pro- responses. Animal reveal potential to alleviate inflammatory diseases enhancing It also induces selective macrophage death atherosclerotic plaques without harming other cells. primary rat cerebellum cultures (ex vivo), prevents neuronal loss inhibits astroglial growth, impacting astrocytes microglia. Clinical alters cytokine profiles reduces neuroinflammatory markers BD patients. Chronic treatment decreases IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 IFN-γ secretion from peripheral leukocytes. response correlates with TNF-α poor responders showing higher TNF-α. Overall, these findings elucidate diverse mechanisms modulating responses, promoting significant implications for managing inflammation-related conditions. Yet, better understand drug’s impact inflammatory/neuroinflammatory conditions, further research is warranted appreciate its regulation.

Language: Английский

Pineal cyst in bipolar patient with normolithiaemia and positive fibromyalgic tender points

Radiology Case Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(3), P. 1317 - 1322

Published: Dec. 12, 2024

Language: Английский