ABSTRACT
Photobiomodulation
(PBM),
also
known
as
low‐level
laser
therapy,
employs
red
or
near‐infrared
light
emitted
from
a
light‐emitting
diode
for
the
treatment
of
various
conditions.
Transcranial
PBM
(tPBM)
is
form
that
delivered
to
head
improve
brain
health,
tPBM
enhances
mitochondrial
function,
improves
antioxidant
responses,
reduces
inflammation,
offers
protection
apoptosis,
blood
flow,
increases
cellular
energy
production,
and
promotes
neurogenesis
neuroplasticity.
As
such,
holds
promise
stroke.
This
review
summarizes
recent
findings
on
stroke,
presenting
evidence
both
animal
studies
clinical
trials
demonstrate
its
efficacy.
Additionally,
it
discusses
potential
challenges
encountered
in
translation
process.
Furthermore,
proposes
new
technologies
directions
development
light‐delivery
methods
emphasizes
need
extensive
validate
widen
application
future
treatments
ABSTRACT
Background
Ischemic
stroke,
a
major
cause
of
disability
and
the
second
leading
death,
poses
significant
public
health
challenge.
Post‐stroke
inflammation
can
harm
blood–brain
barrier
worsen
neurological
deficits,
which
are
key
factors
in
neuronal
damage
patients
with
ischemic
stroke.
Microglia
crucial
central
nervous
system,
involved
inflammation,
damage,
repair
after
cerebral
ischemia.
While
cellular
immune
metabolism
has
been
widely
studied,
its
role
ischamic
stroke
remains
unclear.
Aim
This
review
aims
to
examine
how
affects
phenotypic
characteristics
cells
explore
effects
metabolic
microenvironment
on
profiles
functions
microglia
Method
The
refers
available
literature
PubMed,
searching
for
critical
terms
related
neuroinflammation,
microglia,
immunometabolism.
Result
In
this
review,
we
found
that
during
progression,
dynamically
switch
between
pro‐inflammatory
anti‐inflammatory
phenotypes.
Microglial
glycometabolism
includes
oxidative
phosphorylation
glycolysis,
lipid
involves
synthesis
breakdown.
Modulating
production
inflammatory
mediator
precursors
induce
an
phenotype
microglia.
Conclusion
Thus,
studying
microglial
pathways
their
products
may
offer
new
insights
treatment.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16
Published: Feb. 24, 2025
Ischemic
stroke
is
a
leading
cause
of
mortality
and
morbidity
globally.
Prompt
intervention
essential
for
arresting
disease
progression
minimizing
central
nervous
system
damage.
Although
imaging
studies
play
significant
role
in
diagnosing
ischemic
stroke,
their
high
costs
limited
sensitivity
often
result
diagnostic
treatment
delays.
Blood
biomarkers
have
shown
considerable
promise
the
diagnosis
prognosis
stroke.
Serum
markers,
closely
associated
with
pathophysiology,
aid
diagnosis,
subtype
identification,
prediction
progression,
early
neurological
deterioration,
recurrence.
Their
advantages
are
particularly
pronounced
due
to
low
cost
rapid
results.
Despite
identification
numerous
candidate
blood
biomarkers,
clinical
application
requires
rigorous
research
thorough
validation.
This
review
focuses
on
various
related
including
coagulation
fibrinolysis-related
factors,
endothelial
dysfunction
inflammatory
neuronal
axonal
injury
exosomes
circular
RNAs
other
relevant
molecules.
It
also
summarizes
latest
methods
techniques
biomarker
detection,
aiming
provide
critical
references
key
biomarkers.
Antioxidants and Redox Signaling,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 2, 2025
Significance:
Damage
after
stroke
is
not
only
limited
to
the
brain
but
also
often
occurs
in
remote
organs,
including
heart,
lung,
liver,
kidney,
digestive
tract,
and
spleen,
which
are
frequently
affected
by
complex
pathophysiological
changes.
The
organs
human
body
closely
connected,
signals
transmitted
through
various
molecular
substances
could
regulate
changes
of
organs.
Recent
Advances:
latest
studies
have
shown
that
inflammatory
response
plays
an
important
role
organ
damage
stroke,
can
aggravate
activating
oxidative
stress,
sympathetic
axis,
hypothalamic
disturbing
immunological
homeostasis.
Remote
cause
brain,
aggravating
damage.
Critical
Issues:
Therefore,
in-depth
exploration
mechanisms
adopting
corresponding
comprehensive
intervention
strategies
become
necessary
reduce
promote
protection.
Future
Directions:
strategy
involves
multifaceted
treatment
methods
such
as
inflammation
regulation,
antioxidants,
neural
stem
cell
differentiation.
It
provides
a
promising
alternative
for
recovery
patients
inspiration
future
research
treatment.
interconnected
at
level.
Only
levels
we
save
protect
greatest
extent.
Antioxid.
Redox
Signal.
00,
000-000.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: April 17, 2025
Ischemic
stroke
(IS)
represents
a
significant
contributor
to
morbidity
and
mortality
globally.
The
relationship
between
IS
mitochondrial
unfolded
protein
response
(UPRmt)
was
presently
uncertain.
This
study
endeavors
explore
the
fundamental
mechanism
of
UPRmt
in
by
utilizing
bioinformatics
methods.
In
GSE58294,
differentially
expressed
genes
(DEGs)
were
obtained,
which
overlapped
with
key
module
-related
gene
(
-RGs)
for
producing
candidate
genes.
biomarkers
identified
from
through
machine
learning,
expression
validation,
receiver
operating
characteristic
(ROC)
curves.
order
verify
biomarkers,
reverse
transcription-quantitative
PCR
(RT-qPCR)
experiments
performed
on
human
peripheral
blood.
Subsequently,
predictive
nomogram
created
estimate
likelihood
developing
IS.
Next,
mechanisms
functions
related
explored
enrichment
analysis
immune
infiltration.
addition,
cells
enriched
identified,
biological
processes
involved
these
analyzed
intercellular
communication
virtual
knockout
experiments.
MCEMP1,
CACNA1E,
CLEC4D
as
subsequently
validated
RT-qPCR.
RT-qPCR
revealed
that
is
most
sensitive
biomarker.
possess
strong
diagnostic
value.
Immune
infiltration
indicated
all
three
are
strongly
correlated
neutrophils.
Additionally,
single-cell
transcriptome
data,
predominantly
Compared
sham
group,
middle
cerebral
artery
occlusion
(MCAO)
group
exhibited
enhanced
immune-inflammatory
responses.
Virtual
provide
preliminary
evidence
regulatory
molecule
neutrophil-mediated
inflammation,
rather
than
serving
merely
passive
marker.
biomarker
-RGs,
offering
new
reference
diagnosis
treatment.
