Human health risk assessment of toxic metals in Nass smokeless tobacco in Iran DOI Creative Commons

Mohsen Rezaeian,

Hassan Ahmadinia, Marzie Salandari Rabori

et al.

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: March 19, 2025

Smokeless tobacco (ST) products create a deadly combination of addiction to nicotine and exposure toxic substances. Nass is the predominant smokeless product consumed in Iran. This study was conducted evaluate levels arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) brands available Iranian market. A total 42 samples were analyzed for heavy metals using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The also evaluated risk associated with carcinogenic non-carcinogenic metal contamination level measured various ranked as Pb > Ni Cd As .The mean (range) Pb, Cd, As, determined be 38.71 µg/g (17.60–57.70), 2.90 (1.20–3.65), 0.71 (0.25–1.17), 23.24 (4.95–44.65), respectively. handmade are higher than manufactured at plant. all Swedish Match recommended limits. While 12% lower standard defined by Match. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values below reference dose (RfD) established Environmental Protection Agency. findings indicate that target hazard quotient (THQ) index (HI) 1. In this study, first time demonstrated consumers Iran Ni. Consequently, health system should prioritize raising public awareness about risks Nass.

Language: Английский

Human health risk assessment of toxic metals in Nass smokeless tobacco in Iran DOI Creative Commons

Mohsen Rezaeian,

Hassan Ahmadinia, Marzie Salandari Rabori

et al.

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: March 19, 2025

Smokeless tobacco (ST) products create a deadly combination of addiction to nicotine and exposure toxic substances. Nass is the predominant smokeless product consumed in Iran. This study was conducted evaluate levels arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) brands available Iranian market. A total 42 samples were analyzed for heavy metals using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The also evaluated risk associated with carcinogenic non-carcinogenic metal contamination level measured various ranked as Pb > Ni Cd As .The mean (range) Pb, Cd, As, determined be 38.71 µg/g (17.60–57.70), 2.90 (1.20–3.65), 0.71 (0.25–1.17), 23.24 (4.95–44.65), respectively. handmade are higher than manufactured at plant. all Swedish Match recommended limits. While 12% lower standard defined by Match. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values below reference dose (RfD) established Environmental Protection Agency. findings indicate that target hazard quotient (THQ) index (HI) 1. In this study, first time demonstrated consumers Iran Ni. Consequently, health system should prioritize raising public awareness about risks Nass.

Language: Английский

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