Understanding Stimulant Treatment in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Sex and Gender Perspective DOI Open Access
Iris L. Rapoport, Annabeth P. Groenman

Published: Aug. 1, 2024

Although stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), our understanding of sex and gender influences on treatment remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ female male individuals despite possible gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, adverse events. This theoretical framework identifies six knowledge gaps effects by investigating every step trajectory pathway including diagnosis, prescription, daily use outcomes. We explore potential mechanisms, summarize existing literature, propose testable predictions, suggest directions future research. Key areas interest include impact hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle reproductive life transitions, influence socialization gendered expectations diagnosis prescription rates, stigma, adherence. While scarce data available cannot support sex/gender-specific guidelines, there is a pressing need studies to systematically investigate these factors. Understanding could enhance outcomes girls women with ADHD throughout their lives provide times biological role transitions.

Language: Английский

A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions DOI Creative Commons
Iris L. Rapoport, Annabeth P. Groenman

Journal of Attention Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 29, 2025

Objective: Stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for ADHD, yet our understanding of how sex and gender impact stimulant treatment outcomes remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ female male individuals despite possible gender-related differences in effectiveness, adverse events, pharmacokinetics. This theoretical framework identifies five key knowledge gaps relating to effects treatment. Method: We investigate trajectories girls women with ADHD from diagnosis prescription daily use outcomes. examine reproductive life transitions hormonal fluctuations their interactions socialization gendered expectations on stigma, adherence. Results: By synthesizing existing literature, proposing testable predictions, suggesting future research directions, we highlight urgent need studies that systematically these factors. Conclusion: Addressing could significantly improve particularly during biological role transitions.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Discontinuation During Pregnancy and Resumption Postpartum DOI
Kevin Y. Xu, Lisa M. Pappas, Tashalee R. Brown

et al.

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101625 - 101625

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Prevalence of the Prescribing of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review DOI Creative Commons
Danielle J. Russell, Ebony Quintrell, Caitlin S. Wyrwoll

et al.

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 11

Published: March 23, 2025

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in women has markedly increased recent years, resulting an increase of ADHD medication exposure during pregnancy, which uncertain health risks. It is therefore critical to understand the extent issue. The objective this novel systematic review was investigate prevalence prescribing pregnancy. A conducted following preferred reporting items for reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. last search October 13, 2023, articles examining Fifteen studies were included. Participants from United States (n = 4), Nordic countries 10), Canada 3), Australia 1) ADHD-medication dispensing pregnancy ranged 0.07 6.01 per 1,000 pregnancies. Typically, stimulant medications more prevalent than nonstimulants. most dispensed methylphenidate followed by amphetamine-type medications. There high heterogeneity (I2 99.95%) between studies, making study data not appropriate meta-analysis. substantially, with psychostimulant prescribed. Apart countries, estimates limited.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Prevalence Trends and Patterns of Perinatal ADHD Stimulant Medication Use in British Columbia, Canada DOI Creative Commons
Amanda Nitschke,

Ali Salmanpour,

Paramdeep Kaur

et al.

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 34(4)

Published: March 23, 2025

ABSTRACT Purpose Given the increase in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses and stimulant medication use among female adults, this study describes prevalence trends of perinatal ADHD British Columbia, Canada, along with characteristics patterns use. Methods Using linked population‐based administrative data, we included all pregnant people deliveries between January 2000 December 2021. was defined as filled prescriptions for dextro−/amphetamine, methylphenidate, or lisdexamfetamine. Prevalence were examined by type age group. Characteristics compared those without prenatal dispensations. Patterns discontinuation assessed from 1 year preconception to postpartum. Results Our cohort 899,679 pregnancies. Prenatal increased 3.9 users per 1000 pregnancies (from 0.4 4.3/1000), primarily driven dextro−/amphetamine. Medication groups, but highest under 20 years old. Pregnant taking medications more likely be nulliparous lower income, have hypertension higher BMI, smoke during pregnancy, other psychotropic medications, deliver cesarean section. Among who used within preconception, 77% discontinued treatment before pregnancy. While again 12 months postpartum, it remained 45% than levels. Conclusion The 11‐fold pregnancy high rate highlight need research on risks benefits parent child health.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Fills During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Denmark DOI Creative Commons
M. Madsen,

Jin Zhu,

Trine Munk‐Olsen

et al.

Pediatric Drugs, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 233 - 246

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

Females of reproductive age are increasingly using attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication, but its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is largely unknown. The aim this study to examine the prevalence ADHD medication fills breastfeeding, including characteristics these females cohort differences over time. We conducted a descriptive Danish nationwide registers. Within cohorts pregnant females, we calculated (methylphenidate, amphetamine, dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine, modafinil, atomoxetine, clonidine guanfacine) described sociodemographic clinical across groups with fills, no previous fills. Cohort in for 2005-2010, 2011-2016 2017-2022 were examined. In 1,077,279 pregnancies, increased from 0.08 7.71 per 1000 individuals between 2005 2022. Among 446,485 0.55 3.67 2012 Compared group filling younger, had lower levels education, more often smoking pregnancy, utilised psychiatric healthcare concurrent other psychotropic medication. time revealed that older, higher smoked less fewer contacts likely fill medications compared earlier cohorts. Results showed an increasing Denmark time, surpassing increase observed generally difference suggesting shift treatment patterns.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
In utero exposure to methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders – a population-based cohort study and meta-analysis DOI Creative Commons
Kathrine Bang Madsen, Henrik Larsson, Charlotte Skoglund

et al.

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 27, 2025

Abstract The use of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medications during pregnancy is increasing, raising concerns about potential long-term effects on offspring. This study investigates in utero exposure to methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine risk offspring neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). population-based cohort identified from Swedish registers included 861,650 children born by 572,731 mothers 2008–2017. We categorized based redeemed medication compared exposed those whose discontinued before conception. Main outcomes were any NDD, including ADHD autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for maternal psychiatric sociodemographic factors. Sensitivity analyses stratifications type, timing, duration exposure, sibling comparisons. also performed a meta-analysis combining data the present with previous Danish study. Results showed no increased NDD (HR adjusted 0.95, 95% CI 0.82–1.11), 0.92, 0.78–1.08), or ASD 0.86, 0.63–1.18). consistent patterns risks across different durations, types between siblings. Meta-analyses further supported findings (pooled HR 1.00, 0.83;1.20). Our provides evidence that does not increase NDDs replicates safety methylphenidate extends it new atomoxetine. These are crucial informing clinical guidelines helping healthcare providers expectant make informed decisions.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Understanding Stimulant Treatment in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Sex and Gender Perspective DOI Open Access
Iris L. Rapoport, Annabeth P. Groenman

Published: Aug. 1, 2024

Although stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), our understanding of sex and gender influences on treatment remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ female male individuals despite possible gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, adverse events. This theoretical framework identifies six knowledge gaps effects by investigating every step trajectory pathway including diagnosis, prescription, daily use outcomes. We explore potential mechanisms, summarize existing literature, propose testable predictions, suggest directions future research. Key areas interest include impact hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycle reproductive life transitions, influence socialization gendered expectations diagnosis prescription rates, stigma, adherence. While scarce data available cannot support sex/gender-specific guidelines, there is a pressing need studies to systematically investigate these factors. Understanding could enhance outcomes girls women with ADHD throughout their lives provide times biological role transitions.

Language: Английский

Citations

0