Gender and Age Differences in Performance of Over 70,000 Chinese Finishers in the Half- and Full-Marathon Events DOI Open Access
Sanjun Yang, Fan Yang, Yuan Gao

et al.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(13), P. 7802 - 7802

Published: June 25, 2022

(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to examine characteristics over 70,000 long-distance finishers last four years in Chinese half- and full-marathon events; (2) Methods: available data all (n = 73,485; women, n 17,134; men, 56,351) who performed events Hangzhou from 2016 2019 were further analyzed for gender, age average running speed; (3) Results: total men-to-women ratio lowest half-marathon event (1.86) highest (17.42). Faster performance males than females faster speed short-distance runners shown. Gender race distance observed have most significant effects on (p < 0.01). For both male female finishers, slowest shown older groups 0.01) during full marathon. Our results indicated that gender difference attenuated longer distances groups; (4) Conclusions: Understanding participation performances across different would provide insights into physiological biomechanical training protocols sports gear development groups.

Language: Английский

The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals DOI
Regula Furrer, John A. Hawley, Christoph Handschin

et al.

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 103(3), P. 1693 - 1787

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels endurance strength elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding signal integration, interpretation, output coordination cellular molecular mechanisms that govern plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods their application largely rely on “trial-and-error” approach, experience practices successful coaches often providing bases for “post hoc” scientific enquiry research. This review provides synopsis morphological functional changes along underlying adaptation endurance- resistance-based training. These traits are placed in context innate genetic interindividual differences performance, special consideration given aging athletes. Collectively, we provide comprehensive overview response different modes how such adaptations translate “molecules medals.”

Language: Английский

Citations

92
The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine DOI
Sandra K. Hunter, Siddhartha S. Angadi, Aditi Bhargava

et al.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55(12), P. 2328 - 2360

Published: Sept. 28, 2023

ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because fundamental differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by chromosomes hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, faster than women similar age training status. Thus, for events sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, power, males outperform females 10%–30% depending the requirements event. These emerge with onset puberty coincide increase endogenous steroid hormones, particular testosterone males, which increases 30-fold adulthood, but remains low females. The goal this consensus statement to provide latest scientific knowledge mechanisms performance. This review highlights between that determinants response exercise training, role hormones (particularly estradiol). We also identify historical nonphysiological factors influence Finally, we gaps underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities high-impact studies. A major step toward closing gap include equitable numbers mechanistic studies determine any an acute bout exercise,

Language: Английский

Citations

78
Sex Differences in Inflammation and Muscle Wasting in Aging and Disease DOI Open Access

Chiara Della Peruta,

Biliana Lozanoska‐Ochser, Alessandra Renzini

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 4651 - 4651

Published: Feb. 28, 2023

Only in recent years, thanks to a precision medicine-based approach, have treatments tailored the sex of each patient emerged clinical trials. In this regard, both striated muscle tissues present significant differences between two sexes, which may important consequences for diagnosis and therapy aging chronic illness. fact, preservation mass disease conditions correlates with survival; however, should be considered when protocols maintenance are designed. One obvious difference is that men more than women. Moreover, sexes differ inflammation parameters, particularly response infection disease. Therefore, unsurprisingly, women respond differently therapies. review, we an up-to-date overview on what known about skeletal physiology disfunction, such as disuse atrophy, age-related sarcopenia, cachexia. addition, summarize underly aforementioned because pro-inflammatory cytokines deeply affect homeostasis. The comparison these three their sex-related bases interesting different forms atrophy share common mechanisms; instance, those responsible protein dismantling similar although differing terms kinetics, severity, regulatory mechanisms. pre-clinical research, exploring sexual dimorphism could highlight new efficacious or recommend implementation existing one. Any protective factors discovered one exploited achieve lower morbidity, reduce severity disease, avoid mortality opposite sex. Thus, understanding sex-dependent responses pivotal importance design innovative, tailored, efficient interventions.

Language: Английский

Citations

49
Does Advanced Footwear Technology Improve Track and Road Racing Performance? An Explorative Analysis Based on the 100 Best Yearly Performances in the World Between 2010 and 2022 DOI Creative Commons
Steffen Willwacher, Patrick Mai,

Janina Helwig

et al.

Sports Medicine - Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Feb. 8, 2024

Abstract Advanced footwear technology (AFT) is currently being debated in sports. There a direct evidence that distance running AFT improves economy. In addition, there indirect from competition performance for improved using AFTs middle- and long-distance sprinting events. However, the extent to which world-class affected across full range of track road racing events between genders has not been systematically analyzed. This study examined publicly available datasets annual best performances potential systematic effects following introduction AFT. The analysis was based on 100 per year men women outdoor 2010 2022, provided by world governing body athletics (World Athletics). We found progressing improvements after races 2016 2019. more pronounced distances longer than 1500 m 5000 men. Women seem benefit For sprint (100 400 hurdles), peak gains 2021 2022 compared pre-AFT period ranged 0.6 1.1% 0.4 0.7% men, respectively. middle-distance (400 3000 steeplechase), 1.9% marathon, 2.2% 3.5% 1.4% While observational design limits causal inference, this provides database introducing advanced shoes/spikes athletes. Further research needed examine underlying mechanisms and, particular, gender differences

Language: Английский

Citations

23
Woman the hunter: The physiological evidence DOI Open Access
Cara Ocobock, Sarah Lacy

American Anthropologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 126(1), P. 7 - 18

Published: Sept. 4, 2023

Abstract Myths of “Man the Hunter” and male biological superiority persist in interpretations reconstructions human evolution. Although there are uncontroversial average differences between females males, potential physiological advantages may possess less well‐known well‐studied. Here we review present emerging evidence that be metabolically better suited for endurance activities such as running, which could have profound implications understanding subsistence capabilities patterns past. We discuss role estrogen adiponectin respective key modulators glucose fat metabolism, both critical fuels during long activities. also how overall body composition, muscle fiber metabolic cost load carrying, self‐pacing provide with increased capacities. Highlighting these provides a framework complements existing archaeological (Lacy Ocobock, this issue) cultural work reassessing female hunting well sexual division labor. Such holistic approach is to amending our current hu(wo)man

Language: Английский

Citations

27
The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies DOI Creative Commons
Bas Van Hooren, Ivan Jukić, Maartje Cox

et al.

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(5), P. 1269 - 1316

Published: March 6, 2024

Running biomechanics is considered an important determinant of running economy (RE). However, studies examining associations between and RE report inconsistent findings.

Language: Английский

Citations

16
Sex differences in human performance DOI Creative Commons
Sandra K. Hunter, Jonathon W. Senefeld

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 602(17), P. 4129 - 4156

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding sex differences human physical performance. Males outperform females many capacities because they are faster, stronger and powerful, particularly after male puberty. highlights key physiological anatomical systems (generally conferred via steroids puberty) that contribute to these Specifically, we address effects primary affect development, discuss insight gained from observational study 'real-world data' elite athletes, highlight mechanisms several aspects Physiological discussed include those for varying magnitude performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength power; (2) fatigability limb muscles measure relative performance; (3) maximal aerobic power endurance. The profound sex-based involving strength, power, speed endurance, largely attributable direct indirect sex-steroid hormones, chromosomes epigenetics, provide scientific rationale framework policy decisions on categories sports during puberty adulthood. Finally, bias problem research insufficient studies information across areas biology physiology, creating knowledge gaps opportunities high-impact studies.

Language: Английский

Citations

12
Rating of Perceived Exertion: A Large Cross-Sectional Study Defining Intensity Levels for Individual Physical Activity Recommendations DOI Creative Commons
Maximilian Grummt, Lorena Hafermann, Lars Claußen

et al.

Sports Medicine - Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: June 10, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

6
Running Endurance in Women Compared to Men: Retrospective Analysis of Matched Real-World Big Data DOI

Franck Le Mat,

Mathias Géry, Thibault Besson

et al.

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 53(4), P. 917 - 926

Published: Feb. 21, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

11
Durability in recreational runners: effects of 90-min low-intensity exercise on the running speed at the lactate threshold DOI Creative Commons
Olli‐Pekka Nuuttila,

Vesa Laatikainen-Raussi,

Krista Vohlakari

et al.

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 9, 2024

Recent studies have suggested that the capability to resist deterioration of physiological characteristics could be an independent factor contributing endurance performance. This study aimed at investigating whether prolonged low-intensity exercise induces shifts in lactate threshold, and fatigue-induced changes differ between sexes.

Language: Английский

Citations

4