Physiological adaptations and performance enhancement with combined blood flow restricted and interval training: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101030 - 101030

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

We aimed to determine: (a) the chronic effects of interval training (IT) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on physiological adaptations (aerobic/anaerobic capacity and muscle responses) performance enhancement (endurance sprints), (b) influence participant characteristics intervention protocols these effects. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web Science (Core Collection), Cochrane Library (Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure April 2, updates October 17, 2024. Pooled for each outcome summarized using Hedge's g (g) through meta-analysis-based random models, subgroup regression analyses used explore moderators. A total 24 studies 621 participants included. IT BFR (IT+BFR) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (g = 0.63, I2 63%), mean power during Wingate 30-s test 0.70, 47%), strength 0.88, 64%), endurance 0.43, 0%), time fatigue 1.26, 86%), aerobic speed 0.74, 0%) compared alone. Subgroup analysis indicated that including status, intensity, modes moderated VO2max (subgroup differences: p < 0.05). Specifically, IT+BFR showed superior improvements alone trained individuals 0.76) at supra-maximal intensity 1.29) moderate 1.08) as well walking 1.64) running 0.63) modes. Meta-regression cuff width (β 0.14) was associated change, identifying 8.23 cm minimum threshold required significant improvement. regarding did not reveal any enhances optimizes aspects performance, moderators protocol (intensity, mode, type), width. This addresses various IT-related challenges provides tailored benefits diverse populations.

Language: Английский

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Day‐To‐Day Endurance Training Periodization of World‐Class Cross‐Country Skiers

European Journal of Sport Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(6)

Published: May 21, 2025

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the day‐to‐day endurance training periodization of male and female world‐class cross‐country skiers. Self‐reported session‐by‐session data from 17 (7 female) skiers were retrospectively analyzed. The separated into general preparation (GP) competition periods (CP), during which all achieved performance. Daily volume was categorized as very low (0%–50% mean daily volume), (50%–100%), moderate (100%–150%), high (≥ 150%). Training load (Training Impulse, TRIMP) calculated product duration an intensity factor 1, 2, or 3 for low‐, moderate‐, high‐intensity training, respectively. distributed 18%/22%/32%/28% across low/low/moderate/high days GP, whereas corresponding distribution CP 23%/35%/32%/10%. Shifts in TRIMP GP mirrored changes volume. During acute‐to‐chronic work ratio (ACWR) 0.75–1.25 on 69% days, with 13% showing lower ratios 18% higher. CP, values 69%/19%/12%. Intensive sessions occurred every 3.6 ± 0.3 compared 3.0 CP. volumes day before intensive 127 99 7% (CP) mean, after 116 8% 87 9%. These provide new insights skiers, highlighting sequential application loads by alternating volume, elevated 3–4 reduced rest 8–9 while only 5% combining intensity.

Language: Английский

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Duration-dependent physiological, perceptual, and technical changes during a 2-hour low-intensity training session in female cross-country skiers

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

This study investigated duration-dependent physiological, perceptual, and technical changes during a 2-hour low-intensity training (LIT) session in female cross-country (XC) skiers. Twelve national-level XC skiers (age:21.4 ± 2.7 years, maximal oxygen uptake: 58.1 5.3 mL min⁻1·kg⁻1) performed LIT session, roller-ski skating the laboratory while alternating between two main sub-techniques (Gear-2 Gear-3). Acute physiological perceptual responses, including uptake, carbon dioxide production, ventilation, breathing frequency, respiratory exchange ratio, blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion, as well kinematic variables (cycle length cycle rate), were collected at four consecutive timepoints (T1-T4) for both sub-techniques. A post-session questionnaire data on total, ventilatory, mental exertion quality. Relatively small observed most measures. The pronounced effect time frequency (BF; F (3,30) = 3.52, ηp2 0.260, P 0.027) (RPE; (3, 33) 4.43, 0.287, 0.010). More specifically, BF was higher Gear-3 T2 (45.5 7.7 breaths·min-1) T3 7.7), compared to T1 (43.2 7.3, all < 0.05). Furthermore, Gear-2 (G2: 12.1 1.0, G3: 11.2 1.6) 12.2 1.1, 1.6), 11.5 1.2, 10.6 No differences rate) - T4. Lastly, no quality, first second half session. Well-trained with relatively changes.

Language: Английский

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Running Economy After a Low‐ and High‐Intensity Training Session in Naturally Menstruating Endurance‐Trained Female Athletes: The FENDURA Project

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(4)

Published: April 1, 2025

ABSTRACT The ability to maintain running economy is generally evaluated during a long continuous exercise bouts, and it unclear whether the menstrual cycle phase acts as confounder. first aim of this study was evaluate typical 1‐h low‐ (LIT) high‐intensity training (HIT) sessions in female athletes. second investigate affected economy. Naturally menstruating endurance‐trained females performed three LIT ( n = 16) (45%–55% maximal velocity achieved incremental test) and/or HIT 17) (5 × 4 min at 80% distinct phases: early follicular, ovulatory, mid luteal. Running determined before after each session. economy, expressed energy cost (before: 1.34; after: 1.34 kcal/kg/km, p 0.797) oxygen 272, 273 mL/kg/min, 0.348), not significantly different versus Energy (before 1.33; 0.130) session, but 269; 274 mL/kg/km, < 0.003) slightly higher Menstrual did confound can be maintained session depends on expression used; unaffected, while may increased sessions.

Language: Английский

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A perfectionism, mental health and vulnerability to injury in triathletes

Frontiers in Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: April 22, 2025

Triathlon is a highly demanding and continuously growing sport in continuous growth. Due to its complexity, it often exposes the triathlete mental physical load that difficult manage athlete sporting injury. Many triathletes are increasingly developing problems related health because of this, greater vulnerability suffer sports injury being observed. The study sample included 172 (66.27% men, 33.72% women) categorized as Amateur, Youth, or Elite. Mean age: Amateur 40.19 ± 8.35, Youth 19.50 2.63, Elite 30.38 8.77. Weekly training: 5.63 1.07 h, 5.52 1.28 6.58 0.67 h. Daily 2.16 1.66 2.38 2.12 3.02 2.00 Data collection involved administering questionnaire assessing personal sports-related variables, history, indicators. psychological assessment Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS-21), Profile Mood States (POMS). design descriptive-cross-sectional has retrospective character. Significant positive correlations were found between TNL TGSP across participants level, with strongest correlation observed among youth athletes. Maladaptive perfectionism exhibited weak negative amateur Additionally, depression stress positively associated TGSP, particularly elite Emotional state analysis showed tension correlated whereas vigor was negatively These findings suggest significant relationship injuries, indicating distress not only contributes risk but may also prolong recovery time triathletes.

Language: Английский

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Best-Practice Training Characteristics Within Olympic Endurance Sports as Described by Norwegian World-Class Coaches

Sports Medicine - Open, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: April 25, 2025

Language: Английский

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Training Philosophy: What Is It, and What Are the Main Components?

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 1

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Rheological and Biochemical Properties of Blood in Runners: A Preliminary Report

Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(16), P. 6894 - 6894

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

Purpose: Physical activity induces numerous modifications in the morphological, rheological, and biochemical properties of blood. The purpose this study was to evaluate changes blood rheological indicators among runners. Also, we assessed how people who practised running characterised range direction exercise allowed for diagnosis transient adaptive effects. Methods: This included 12 athletes regularly trained middle- long-distance (6–8 times a week) presented high sports level (national international class). performed 30 min warm-up consisting 15 jogging exercises. After 10 rest, they completed 3 km run with submaximal effort. Blood samples were collected at baseline after Results: No statistically significant revealed erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet, iron, ferritin, transferrin, erythropoietin, or C-reactive protein concentrations examined same applied elongation index shear stress within 0.30–60.00 Pa, amplitude total extent aggregation, aggregation half-life, index. A increase (within standard limits) only observed fibrinogen concentration running. Conclusions: lack post-exercise investigated runners points an efficient haemorheological system. This, turn, reflects well-executed training remarkably well-trained systems responsible regeneration.

Language: Английский

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The Effect of Polarized Training Intensity Distribution on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Work Economy Among Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review

Sports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 326 - 326

Published: Nov. 27, 2024

High-intensity training (HIT) has commonly been the most effective method for improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and work economy, alongside a substantial volume of low-intensity (LIT). The polarized model combines both low- high-intensity into specific intensity distribution gained attention as comprehensive approach. objective this review was to systematically search literature order identify effects on VO2max, peak (VO2peak), economy among endurance athletes. A performed using PubMed SPORTDiscus. total 1836 articles were identified, and, after selection process, 14 relevant studies included review. findings indicate that approach seems be enhancing VO2peak, over short-term period Specifically, involving moderate high HIT (15–20%) combined with LIT (75–80%) appears beneficial these improvements. It concluded is However, limited number restricts generalizability findings.

Language: Английский

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