Oxidation and fragmentation of plastics in a changing environment; from UV-radiation to biological degradation

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 851, P. 158022 - 158022

Published: Aug. 12, 2022

Understanding the fate of plastics in environment is critical importance for quantitative assessment biological impacts plastic waste. Specially, there a need to analyze more detail reputed longevity context degradation through oxidation and fragmentation reactions. Photo-oxidation debris by solar UV radiation (UVR) makes material prone subsequent fragmentation. The fragments generated following exposure mechanical stresses include secondary micro- or nanoparticles, an emerging class pollutants. paper discusses UV-driven photo-oxidation process, identifying relevant knowledge gaps uncertainties. Serious exist concerning wavelength sensitivity dose-response photo-fragmentation process. Given heterogeneity natural irradiance varying from no sediments full floating, beach litter air-borne plastics, it argued that rates degradation/fragmentation will also vary dramatically between different locations environmental niches. Biological phenomena such as biofouling further modulate radiation, while potentially contributing and/or independent UVR. Reductions UVR many regions, consequent implementation Montreal Protocol its Amendments protecting stratospheric ozone, have consequences global heterogeneous manner across geographic zones. interacting effects warming, ozone are projected increase at surface localized areas, mainly because decreased cloud cover. complexity uncertainty future conditions, this currently precludes reliable predictions persistence on scale.

Language: Английский

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Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water by Adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes: State of the Art and Trends

Applied Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(14), P. 6659 - 6659

Published: July 20, 2021

Pharmaceutical products have become a necessary part of life. Several studies demonstrated that indirect exposure humans to pharmaceuticals through the water could cause negative effects. Raw sewage and wastewater effluents are major sources found in surface waters drinking water. Therefore, it is important consider characterize efficiency pharmaceutical removal during drinking-water treatment processes. Various options been investigated for removal/reduction drugs (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics) using conventional or biological treatments, such as activated sludge processes bio-filtration, respectively. The these ranges from 20–90%. Comparatively, advanced processes, reverse osmosis, ozonation oxidation technologies, can achieve higher rates drugs. Pharmaceuticals their metabolites undergo natural attenuation by adsorption solar oxidation. even at trace concentrations would undergone and, if applicable, combined photocatalytic degradation This review provides an overview technologies compounds sources. It also sheds light on key points behind photocatalysis.

Language: Английский

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The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1011 - 1047

Published: March 1, 2023

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of Montreal Protocol under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates effects ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within context and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive in 2018. Over four years gains have been made knowledge links between sun exposure outcomes, mechanisms, estimates disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about way which to UV modulates immune system, causing both harms benefits for health. The burden skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost melanoma more people treated keratinocyte cancer, but it has estimated that will prevent 11 million cases 432 would otherwise occurred States born 1890 2100. While incidence continues rise, rates stabilised younger populations some countries. Mortality also plateaued, partly due use systemic therapies advanced disease. However, these are very expensive, contributing extremely high emphasising importance comparative cost-effectiveness prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory conditions induced radiation, can a marked detrimental impact quality life sufferers. More emerging their potential link commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. eyes harmed over-exposure radiation. cataract pterygium continuing now evidence intraocular exposure. It 63 Despite clearly established harms, best recognised benefit production vitamin D, beneficial mediated factors other than D emerging. For increasingly convincing positive role diseases related function, autoimmune infection. With influence intensity global warming, has, have, direct indirect health, potentially changing balance risks spending time outdoors.

Language: Английский

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Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21(3), P. 275 - 301

Published: Feb. 21, 2022

Abstract The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on environment and human health that arise from changes in stratospheric ozone layer concomitant variations ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth’s surface. current update is based scientific advances have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects depletion radiation, change. resulting interlinking depletion, UV are assessed terms air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, health, natural synthetic materials. further highlight potential impacts biosphere extreme events occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence These other interactive examined respect to benefits its Amendments providing life Earth by controlling production various substances contribute both

Language: Английский

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Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1177 - 1202

Published: April 11, 2023

Abstract The deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on construction materials, especially wood and plastics, the consequent impacts their useful lifetimes, are well documented in scientific literature. Any future increase UV ambient temperature due to climate change will therefore shorten service lifetimes which require higher levels stabilisation or other interventions maintain at present levels. implementation Montreal Protocol its amendments substances that deplete ozone layer, controls UV-B received Earth. This current quadrennial assessment provides a comprehensive update durability natural synthetic as recent innovations better stabilising materials against radiation-induced damage. Pertinent emerging technologies for plastics used construction, composite textile fibres, comfort fabric, photovoltaic addressed detail. Also trends technology designed sustainability via replacing toxic, unsustainable, legacy additives with ‘greener’ benign substitutes may indirectly affect stability redesigned materials. An class efficient photostabilisers nanoscale particles include oxide fillers nanocarbons high-performance composites, provide good They also allow design UV-shielding fabric impressive protection factors. environmental issue related photodegradation is generation ubiquitous micro-scale from plastic litter exposed radiation. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1049 - 1091

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation other environmental factors because ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects ozone, climate on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles context Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess organisms, agriculture food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services feedbacks system. Emphasis is placed role extreme events altering exposure potential biodiversity. also address responses plants increased temporal variability radiation, change (e.g. drought, temperature) crops, driving breakdown organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) biocides (pesticides herbicides). Our assessment indicates that interact various ways affect structure function ecosystems, by protecting layer, Protocol continues play a vital maintaining healthy, diverse land sustain life Earth. Furthermore, its Kigali Amendment mitigating some negative consequences limiting emissions greenhouse gases carbon sequestration vegetation pool.

Language: Английский

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The response of aquatic ecosystems to the interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1093 - 1127

Published: May 2, 2023

Variations in stratospheric ozone and changes the aquatic environment by climate change human activity are modifying exposure of ecosystems to UV radiation. These shifts have consequences for distributions species, biogeochemical cycles, services provided ecosystems. This Quadrennial Assessment presents latest knowledge on multi-faceted interactions between effects irradiation change, other anthropogenic activities, how these conditions changing Climate results variations depth mixing, thickness ice cover, duration ice-free inputs dissolved organic matter, all which can either increase or decrease Anthropogenic activities release oil, filters sunscreens, microplastics into that then modified radiation, frequently amplifying adverse organisms their environments. The impacts combination with factors such as warming ocean acidification considered micro-organisms, macroalgae, plants, animals (floating, swimming, attached). Minimising disruptive critical world's rivers, lakes oceans (freshwater supply, recreation, transport, food security) will not only require continued adherence Montreal Protocol but also a wider inclusion solar radiation its studies and/or models under future global climate.

Language: Английский

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Optimal design of hydrogen-based storage with a hybrid renewable energy system considering economic and environmental uncertainties

Energy Conversion and Management, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 300, P. 117991 - 117991

Published: Dec. 19, 2023

Hydrogen and electricity derived from renewable sources present feasible alternative energy options for the decarbonisation of transportation power sectors. This study presents utilisation hydrogen generated solar wind resources as a clean fuel mobility backup storage stationary applications under economic environmental uncertainties. is achieved by developing detailed techno-economic model an integrated system consisting refuelling station electric generation using Mixed Integer Quadratic Constrained Programming (MIQCP), which further relaxed to Linear (MILP). The implemented in Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modelling Software (AIMMS) considering inherent uncertainties resource, costs discount rate, total cost three configurations (Hybrid PV-Wind, Standalone PV, system) was minimised robust optimisation technique, corresponding optimal sizes components, levelised (LCOE), excess energy, greenhouse emission avoided, carbon tax were evaluated. deterministic solution all configuration ranges between 0.0702 $/kWh 0.0786 $/kWh, while 0.07188 0.1125 $/kWh. proposed integration has advantages affordable prices, minimisation emissions grid export energy.

Language: Английский

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Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects

Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 2382 - 2382

Published: March 13, 2024

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a known and persistent pollutant in the environment. Although several direct anthropogenic sources exist, production from atmospheric degradation of fluorocarbons such as some hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) has been source for time. The current transition HFCs to HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins) beneficial global warming viewpoint because are much shorter-lived pose smaller threat terms warming, but fraction converted into TFA higher than seen corresponding region which produced close source. Therefore, it timely review role Earth’s This considers its toxicity, removal processes, measurement variety environments, future prospects. New model integrations used quantify impacts uncertainties on levels using Henry’s Law constant range gas-phase kinetic parameters chosen reaction OH radicals with representative HFO (HFO-1234yf). Model runs suggest that surface concentrations vary by up 10% based data could be 25% previously modelled values depending analysis adopted. estimates require updating warrants further investigation. toxicity appears low, studies wider animal plant types required.

Language: Английский

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Challenges in remote sensing based climate and crop monitoring: navigating the complexities using AI

Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Feb. 6, 2024

Abstract The fast human climate change we are witnessing in the early twenty-first century is inextricably linked to health and function of biosphere. Climate affecting ecosystems through changes mean conditions variability, as well other related such increased ocean acidification atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. It also interacts with ecological stresses like degradation, defaunation, fragmentation.Ecology monitoring critical understanding complicated interactions between changing trends. This review paper dives into issues monitoring, emphasizing complications caused by technical limits, data integration, scale differences, requirement for accurate timely information. Understanding dynamics these climatic impacts, identifying hotspots susceptibility resistance, management measures that may aid biosphere resilience all necessary. At same time, can help mitigation adaptation. processes, possibilities, constraints nature-based solutions must be investigated assessed. Addressing developing successful policies strategies mitigating effects promoting sustainable ecosystem management. Human actions inscribe their stamp big narrative our planet’s story, very substance global atmosphere. transformation goes beyond chemistry, casting a spell on physical characteristics choreograph Earth’s brilliant dance. These qualities, heavenly notes, create song echoes deep We go journey via recorded tales they respond ever-shifting environment this text. peek rich fabric change, drawing insight from interconnected observatories. Nonetheless, growing symphony set unleash additional transformational stories - narratives natural riches rhythms both economically environmentally essential. essential navigating epic. A roadmap development necessitates ability comprehend stories, problem resonates across breadth programs, particularly infancy integrated sites.

Language: Английский

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