Pressurized metered-dose inhalers using next-generation propellant HFO-1234ze(E) deposit negligible amounts of trifluoracetic acid in the environment DOI Creative Commons
Shivendra G. Tewari,

J.P. Bell,

Nigel Budgen

et al.

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) deliver life-saving medications to patients with respiratory conditions and are the most used inhaler delivery device globally. pMDIs utilize a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), also known as an F-gas, propellant facilitate of medication into lungs. Although HFAs have minimal impact on ozone depletion, their global warming potential (GWP) is more than 1,000 times higher CO 2 , bringing them in scope F-Gas Regulation European Union (EU). The pharmaceutical industry developing solutions, including near-zero GWP “next-generation propellant,” HFO-1234ze(E). At same time, EU evaluating restriction per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, Restriction Chemicals (REACH) regulation. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) persistent PFAS degradation product We quantified yield TFA from HFO-1234ze(E) using computational model Europe-relevant atmospheric conditions. modeling suggests that degrades formyl fluoride within 20 days (≥85%) even at highest examined altitude. These results suggest varies between 0%–4% different In 2022, France represented numbers pMDI units sold EU, assuming these had propellant, we estimate annual rainwater deposition ∼0.025 μg/L. demonstrate negligible formation HFO-1234ze(E), further supporting its suitability non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative, non-toxic future for devices safeguard access essential medicines.

Language: Английский

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health DOI Creative Commons
Rachel Ε. Neale, Robyn Lucas, Scott N. Byrne

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1011 - 1047

Published: March 1, 2023

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of Montreal Protocol under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates effects ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within context and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive in 2018. Over four years gains have been made knowledge links between sun exposure outcomes, mechanisms, estimates disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about way which to UV modulates immune system, causing both harms benefits for health. The burden skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost melanoma more people treated keratinocyte cancer, but it has estimated that will prevent 11 million cases 432 would otherwise occurred States born 1890 2100. While incidence continues rise, rates stabilised younger populations some countries. Mortality also plateaued, partly due use systemic therapies advanced disease. However, these are very expensive, contributing extremely high emphasising importance comparative cost-effectiveness prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory conditions induced radiation, can a marked detrimental impact quality life sufferers. More emerging their potential link commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. eyes harmed over-exposure radiation. cataract pterygium continuing now evidence intraocular exposure. It 63 Despite clearly established harms, best recognised benefit production vitamin D, beneficial mediated factors other than D emerging. For increasingly convincing positive role diseases related function, autoimmune infection. With influence intensity global warming, has, have, direct indirect health, potentially changing balance risks spending time outdoors.

Language: Английский

Citations

98
Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability DOI

Afifa,

Kashaf Arshad,

Nazim Hussain

et al.

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 928, P. 172370 - 172370

Published: April 10, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

72
Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions DOI Creative Commons
G. Bernhard, Alkiviadis Bais, P. J. Aucamp

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 937 - 989

Published: April 21, 2023

This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, climate) on intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth's surface. The is performed context Montreal Protocol Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer its Amendments Adjustments. Changes UV low- mid-latitudes (0-60°) during last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing some sites decreasing others) were mostly driven by cloud cover atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly climate change measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) irradiance northern southern latitudes 50° would increased 10-20% between 1996 2020. For exceeding 50°, Index (UVI) surged 25% (year-round tip South America) more 100% (South Pole spring). Variability Antarctica was very large four years. In spring 2019, minimum historical (1991-2018) range Pole, while near record-high values observed 2020, which up 80% above mean. Arctic, highest irradiances record measured March April example monthly average UVI over site Canadian Arctic 70% higher (2005-2019) average, often this mean three standard deviations. Under presumption all countries will adhere future concentrations remain constant, (30-60°) projected decrease 2015 2090 2-5% north 4-6% south due recovering ozone. for tropics are ≤ 3%. However, industrial regions currently affected air pollution, increase as reduce pollutants gradually restore intensities those cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled also greenhouse gases, phase-out these may avoided warming 0.5-1.0 °C mid-latitude continents, 1.0 Arctic; however, uncertainty calculations large. We assess climate, focusing poleward shift zones, discuss role Antarctic hole 2019 devastating "Black Summer" fires Australia. Additional topics include advances measuring modeling radiation; methods determining personal exposure; effect management (stratospheric injections) relevant plants; possible revisions vitamin D action spectrum, describes wavelength dependence synthesis previtamin

Language: Английский

Citations

70
Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system DOI Creative Commons
Paul W. Barnes,

T. Matthew Robson,

Richard G. Zepp

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1049 - 1091

Published: Feb. 1, 2023

Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation other environmental factors because ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects ozone, climate on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles context Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess organisms, agriculture food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services feedbacks system. Emphasis is placed role extreme events altering exposure potential biodiversity. also address responses plants increased temporal variability radiation, change (e.g. drought, temperature) crops, driving breakdown organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) biocides (pesticides herbicides). Our assessment indicates that interact various ways affect structure function ecosystems, by protecting layer, Protocol continues play a vital maintaining healthy, diverse land sustain life Earth. Furthermore, its Kigali Amendment mitigating some negative consequences limiting emissions greenhouse gases carbon sequestration vegetation pool.

Language: Английский

Citations

63
The response of aquatic ecosystems to the interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change DOI Creative Commons
Patrick J. Neale, Craig E. Williamson, Anastazia T. Banaszak

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 1093 - 1127

Published: May 2, 2023

Variations in stratospheric ozone and changes the aquatic environment by climate change human activity are modifying exposure of ecosystems to UV radiation. These shifts have consequences for distributions species, biogeochemical cycles, services provided ecosystems. This Quadrennial Assessment presents latest knowledge on multi-faceted interactions between effects irradiation change, other anthropogenic activities, how these conditions changing Climate results variations depth mixing, thickness ice cover, duration ice-free inputs dissolved organic matter, all which can either increase or decrease Anthropogenic activities release oil, filters sunscreens, microplastics into that then modified radiation, frequently amplifying adverse organisms their environments. The impacts combination with factors such as warming ocean acidification considered micro-organisms, macroalgae, plants, animals (floating, swimming, attached). Minimising disruptive critical world's rivers, lakes oceans (freshwater supply, recreation, transport, food security) will not only require continued adherence Montreal Protocol but also a wider inclusion solar radiation its studies and/or models under future global climate.

Language: Английский

Citations

49
Trifluoroacetic Acid: Toxicity, Sources, Sinks and Future Prospects DOI Open Access
María de los A. Garavagno, Rayne Holland, M. Anwar H. Khan

et al.

Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 2382 - 2382

Published: March 13, 2024

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a known and persistent pollutant in the environment. Although several direct anthropogenic sources exist, production from atmospheric degradation of fluorocarbons such as some hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) has been source for time. The current transition HFCs to HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins) beneficial global warming viewpoint because are much shorter-lived pose smaller threat terms warming, but fraction converted into TFA higher than seen corresponding region which produced close source. Therefore, it timely review role Earth’s This considers its toxicity, removal processes, measurement variety environments, future prospects. New model integrations used quantify impacts uncertainties on levels using Henry’s Law constant range gas-phase kinetic parameters chosen reaction OH radicals with representative HFO (HFO-1234yf). Model runs suggest that surface concentrations vary by up 10% based data could be 25% previously modelled values depending analysis adopted. estimates require updating warrants further investigation. toxicity appears low, studies wider animal plant types required.

Language: Английский

Citations

20
Impact of ecological UV radiation on the photochemistry of nuclear DNA DOI
Ana González Sánchez,

A. Gabrielli,

Deborah J. Keszenman

et al.

Biophysical Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

2
Inhalational volatile anaesthetic agents: the atmospheric scientists' viewpoint DOI
Ole John Nielsen, Mads P. Sulbæk Andersen

Anaesthesia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 79(3), P. 246 - 251

Published: Jan. 11, 2024

Summary All sectors of society must reduce their carbon footprint to mitigate climate change, and the healthcare community is no exception. This narrative review focuses on environmental concerns associated with emissions volatile anaesthetic agents, some which are potent greenhouse gases. provides an understanding global warming potential metric, as well concepts atmospheric lifetime radiative efficiency. The state knowledge impact possible forcing emitted agents reviewed. Additionally, discusses how metrics can guide mitigation strategies suggests present future options for mitigating impact.

Language: Английский

Citations

14
Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023 DOI Creative Commons
Marcel A. K. Jansen, Anthony L. Andrady, Janet F. Bornman

et al.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 629 - 650

Published: March 21, 2024

Abstract This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Panel (EEAP) of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers interactive effects solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The illustrates significance radiation in decreasing durability plastic materials, degradation debris, formation micro- nanoplastic particles accompanying leaching potential toxic compounds. Micro- nanoplastics have been found all ecosystems, atmosphere, humans. While biological risks are not yet well-established, widespread increasing occurrence pollution is reason for continuing research monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life soils, water bodies atmosphere as well living organisms. To counteract accumulation plastics environment, lifetime novel or alternatives should better match functional products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to environment.

Language: Английский

Citations

12
Detailed analysis of air pollution in the Canadian prairie region: A step toward net-zero emission DOI
Amir Ghahremanlou, Davoud Ghahremanlou

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 963, P. 178492 - 178492

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Language: Английский

Citations

1