Beyond Conventional Antifungals: Combating Resistance Through Novel Therapeutic Pathways

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(3), P. 364 - 364

Published: March 4, 2025

The rising burden of fungal infections presents a significant challenge to global healthcare, particularly with increasing antifungal resistance limiting treatment efficacy. Early detection and timely intervention remain critical, yet pathogens employ diverse mechanisms evade host immunity develop resistance, undermining existing therapeutic options. Limited options necessitate novel strategies. This review provides comprehensive overview conventional agents, their action, emerging pathways. Furthermore, it highlights recently approved investigational compounds while evaluating innovative approaches such as nanotechnology, drug repurposing, immunotherapy. Addressing requires multifaceted strategy that integrates therapeutics, enhanced diagnostic tools, future research efforts sustainable effective solutions.

Language: Английский

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Whole Genome Identification and Biochemical Characteristics of the Tilletia horrida Cytochrome P450 Gene Family

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(19), P. 10478 - 10478

Published: Sept. 28, 2024

Rice kernel smut caused by the biotrophic basidiomycete fungus Tilletia horrida causes significant yield losses in hybrid rice-growing areas around world. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme is a membrane-bound heme-containing monooxygenase. In fungi, CYPs play role cellular metabolism, adaptation, pathogenicity, decomposition, and biotransformation of hazardous chemicals. this study, we identified 20 CYP genes based on complete sequence analysis functional annotation from T. JY-521 genome. The subcellular localization, conserved motifs, structures these were further predicted. ThCYP exhibit differences gene protein motifs. Subcellular localization showed that they located plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, extracellular space, indicating had multiple functions. Some cis-regulatory elements related to stress response plant hormones found promoter regions genes. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) several proteins interact with involved ergosterol pathway. Moreover, expression different responses infection time points underwent dynamic changes during infection, rice their potential pathogenic mechanism. These results provided valuable resources for elucidating structure family laid an important foundation research roles pathogenesis.

Language: Английский

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Pharmaceutical removal from wastewater by introducing cytochrome P450s into microalgae

Microbial Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(6)

Published: June 1, 2024

Pharmaceuticals are of increasing environmental concern as they emerge and accumulate in surface- groundwater systems around the world, endangering overall health aquatic ecosystems. Municipal wastewater discharge is a significant vector for pharmaceuticals their metabolites to enter surface waters humans incompletely absorb prescription drugs excrete up 50% into wastewater, which subsequently removed during treatment. Microalgae present promising target improving treatment due ability remove some pollutants efficiently. However, inherent metabolic pathways limit capacity degrade more recalcitrant organic compounds such pharmaceuticals. The human liver employs enzymes break down drugs, these extensively researched drug development, meaning cytochrome P450 responsible metabolizing each approved well studied. Thus, unlocking or expression endogenous microalgae could be cost-effective strategy reduce pharmaceutical loads effluents. Here, we discuss challenges opportunities associated with introducing microalgae. We anticipate that P450-engineered can serve new removal method sustainable solution upgrade facilities function "mega livers".

Language: Английский

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Fungal mediated production of novel metabolites of meloxicam and their tankyrase-2 inhibition potentials: an in silico study

International Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

Language: Английский

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Fungi for Sustainable Pharmaceutical Remediation: Enzymatic Innovations, Challenges, and Applications—A Review

Processes, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 1034 - 1034

Published: March 31, 2025

The extensive use of pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine has led to their persistent environmental release, posing ecological public health risks. Major sources include manufacturing effluents, excretion, aquaculture, improper disposal, contributing bioaccumulation ecotoxicity. Mycoremediation is the fungal-mediated biodegradation pharmaceuticals, offers a promising sustainable approach mitigate pharmaceutical pollution. Studies have reported that certain fungal species, including Trametes versicolor Pleurotus ostreatus, can degrade up 90% contaminants, such as diclofenac, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, within days weeks, depending on conditions. Fungi produce range extracellular enzymes, laccases peroxidases, alongside intracellular enzymes like cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, which catalyze transformation complex compounds. These play an essential role modifying, detoxifying, mineralizing xenobiotics, thereby reducing persistence toxicity. effectiveness biotransformation influenced by factors substrate specificity, enzyme stability, Optimal degradation typically occurs at pH 4.5–6.0 temperatures 20–30 °C. Recent advancements engineering, immobilization techniques, bioreactor design improved catalytic efficiency process feasibility. However, scaling fungal-based remediation systems for large-scale applications remains challenge. Addressing these limitations with synthetic biology, metabolic other biotechnological innovations could further enhance enzymatic pharmaceuticals. This review highlights innovations, applications, challenges mycoremediation, emphasizing potential fungi transformative solution waste management.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Microbial Enzyme Applications for Sustainable Textile Processing and Waste Management

Sci, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 46 - 46

Published: April 9, 2025

Microbial enzymes have revolutionised the textile industry by replacing harmful chemicals with eco-friendly alternatives, enhancing processes such as desizing, scouring, dyeing, finishing, and promoting water conservation while reducing pollution. This review explores role of like amylases, pectinases, cellulases, catalases, laccases, peroxidases in sustainable processing, focusing on their ability to mitigate environmental pollution from effluents. The also examines types characteristics hazardous waste evaluates traditional treatment methods, highlighting alternatives microbial enzyme treatments for effluent treatment. Recent advancements recombinant technology, including engineering immobilisation techniques enhance stability, reusability, catalytic performance, are explored. Additionally, potential extremozymes processing is explored, emphasising stability under harsh industrial conditions. Strategies through enzyme-based presented, principles circular economy. addresses challenges scalability, cost, process optimisation, proposing solutions outlining future directions widespread adoption production management. underscores transformative achieving greener manufacturing practices.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Involvement in the Biodegradation of Fluorinated Pyrethroids

Journal of Xenobiotics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 58 - 58

Published: April 18, 2025

Fluorinated pyrethroids, such as cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin, are more effective insecticides due to their enhanced stability lipophilicity. However, they pose greater risks non-target organisms. Their persistence in the environment accumulation tissues can lead increased toxicity ecological concerns. This study investigates biodegradation of fluorinated pyrethroids β-cyfluthrin (BCF) λ-cyhalothrin (LCH) using a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MFK14 from garden soil microbial consortium. Initial screening 19F NMR analysis showed that consortium degraded both leading isolation MFK14. Subsequent GC-MS revealed various degradation intermediates after incubation with Notably, completely within 48 h at 30 °C. Fluoride ions trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were detected end-products by aqueous fraction. The pathway was proposed for indicating shared pathways despite different fluorinations. Inhibition studies 1-ABT suggested involvement bacterial cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes biodegradation. CYPome includes 23 CYP variants significant sequence similarity known CYPs, suggesting potential roles pyrethroid environmental persistence. These findings highlight bioremediation pesticides, offering an environmentally sustainable approach mitigate impact.

Language: Английский

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Response of Soil Microbial Diversity to Triple-Cropping System in Paddy Fields in Middle Reaches of Yangtze River

Plants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(9), P. 1292 - 1292

Published: April 24, 2025

To explore the characteristics of soil microbial community structure diversity for different planting patterns in paddy fields, and to screen out suitable promotion double-cropping rice areas middle reaches Yangtze River, five typical were set up this study. The are Chinese milk vetch–early rice–late (CRR, CK), rice–sweet potato || late soybean (CRI), rapeseed–early (RRR), (RRI) potato–early (PRR). variation correlation between environmental factors under triple-cropping system area River studied by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). results showed that after two years experiment, pH values each treatment increased, (RRR) model performed better. organic matter total nitrogen content (CRI) was highest, which increased 7.89~35.02% 6.59~26.80% compared with other treatments. available phosphorus potassium (PRR) higher than treatments, 29.48% 126.49% control. models beneficial increasing nitrate ammonium content. improving index. Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria top three dominant phyla terms relative abundance bacteria, fungi Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucor. Ascomycota. contents nitrogen, carbon, main affecting structure. findings can provide references screening River.

Language: Английский

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Temperature-Driven Activated Sludge Bacterial Community Assembly and Carbon Transformation Potential: A Case Study of Industrial Plants in the Yangtze River Delta

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 1454 - 1454

Published: July 17, 2024

Temperature plays a critical role in the efficiency and stability of industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study focuses on effects temperature activated sludge (AS) communities within A2O process 19 WWTPs Yangtze River Delta, key region China. The investigation aims to understand how influences AS community composition, functional assembly, carbon transformation processes, including CO2 emission potential. Our findings reveal that increased operating temperatures lead decrease alpha diversity, simplifying structure increasing modularity. Dominant species become more prevalent, with significant decreases relative abundance Chloroflexi Actinobacteria, increases Bacteroidetes Firmicutes. Moreover, higher enhance overall conversion potential AS, particularly boosting absorption anaerobic conditions as for during glycolysis TCA cycles grows diminishes, respectively. highlights is major factor affecting microbial characteristics fluxes, pronounced observed sludge. provides valuable insights maintaining stable system operations, understanding footprints, improving COD removal WWTPs.

Language: Английский

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