Occupancy
information,
especially
the
number
of
occupants,
can
effectively
guide
operation
building
systems.
Capturing
real-time
and
accurate
occupancy
information
is
critical.
Passive
infrared
(PIR)
sensors
smart
meters
have
been
deployed
extensively.
To
improve
detection
accuracy,
this
study
proposes
an
innovative
occupant
approach
involving
a
temporal
sequential
analysis
occupancy-related
data
using
fusion
from
PIR
with
convolutional
neural
network
(CNN)
model.
A
university
office
was
investigated
as
case
study.
were
adopted
to
collect
data.
And
CNN
model
established
both
various
types
historical
multi-dimensional
inputs.
The
outperformed
than
traditional
ANN
models
improved
accuracy
by
26.8%.
proposed
applied
optimize
control
strategy
outdoor
air
system,
which
helped
provide
comfortable
built
environment
realize
energy
savings.
DeCarbon,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
2, P. 100023 - 100023
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
Heating,
ventilation
and
air-conditioning
(HVAC)
accounts
for
around
40%
of
the
total
building
energy
consumption.
It
has
therefore
become
a
major
target
reductions,
in
terms
both
usage
CO2
emissions.
In
light
progress
intelligence
technologies,
traditional
methods
HVAC
optimization,
control,
fault
diagnosis
will
struggle
to
meet
essential
requirements
such
as
efficiency,
occupancy
comfort
reliable
detection.
Machine
learning
data
science
have
great
potential
this
regard,
particularly
with
developments
information
technology
sensor
equipment,
providing
access
large
volumes
high-quality
data.
There
remains,
however,
number
challenges
before
machine
can
gain
widespread
adoption
industry.
This
review
summarizes
recent
literature
on
system
control
Unlike
other
reviews,
we
provide
comprehensive
coverage
applications,
including
factors
considered.
A
brief
overview
its
applications
is
provided,
after
which
critically
appraise
optimization
Finally,
discussion
limitations
current
research
suggest
future
directions.
Buildings,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(5), P. 816 - 816
Published: March 4, 2025
This
comprehensive
review
critically
examines
current
methodologies
and
optimization
strategies
for
designing
indoor
thermal
environments
in
educational
buildings
amid
the
challenges
of
global
climate
change
energy
demands.
The
paper
evaluates
existing
research
methods,
such
as
numerical
simulations,
data-driven
models,
field
measurements,
revealing
significant
limitations
addressing
complex
dynamic
nature
environments.
It
highlights
overemphasis
on
efficiency
while
neglecting
user
comfort
individual
differences,
students’
physiological
psychological
needs.
underscores
necessity
integrating
human-centered
design
strategies,
adaptability,
interdisciplinary
approaches
to
improve
building
performance
enhance
student
well-being.
Future
should
focus
developing
multimodal
data
fusion
frameworks,
applying
AI-based
optimization,
incorporating
emerging
technologies
like
BIM
IoT
management.
By
advocating
more
adaptable
sustainable
environment
this
study
provides
a
foundation
advancing
response
crises.
Applied Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(5), P. 2855 - 2855
Published: March 6, 2025
The
energy
consumption
of
library
facilities
in
college
buildings
is
significant,
with
the
HVAC
system
accounting
for
40–60%
total
use.
Many
university
libraries,
particularly
those
constructed
earlier
years,
rely
on
manual
control
methods,
making
real-time
systems
crucial.
This
study
explored
optimization
a
building’s
using
Levenberg–Marquardt
algorithm
combined
universal
global
to
reduce
consumption.
A
building
was
used
as
case
model
overall
equipment.
proposed
strategy
then
applied
optimize
energy-saving
system.
results,
based
real
operational
data,
demonstrate
that
this
method
achieves
an
rate
over
30%
while
also
significantly
improving
comfort
users.
findings
provide
valuable
insights
into
which
can
help
advance
efficiency
and
sustainability
future.
Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18(4), P. e04584 - e04584
Published: Jan. 15, 2024
Purpose:
Therefore,
the
objective
of
this
literature
review
is
to
analyze
environmental
approach
through
assessment
eco-efficiency
in
educational
institutions.
Method:
Following
PRISMA
methodology,
60
scientific
articles
were
identified
based
on
specific
criteria
and
sourced
from
databases
virtual
libraries
such
as
Scopus,
Scielo,
Redalyc,
Dialnet,
ProQuest,
IOP
Science,
Taylor
&
Science.
The
analysis
comprehends
evaluation
methodology
that
focuses
institutional
objectives,
learning
achievements,
tools,
actions,
performance
indicators,
monitoring
assessment—integral
elements
schools'
management
pedagogy.
Results
Conclusion:
This
due
issues
negatively
affecting
people's
well-being
quality
life.
Education
represents
a
significant
means
for
disseminating
knowledge
shaping
responsible
habits
toward
environment,
subject
currently
one
most
addressed
field.
Research
implications:
crucial
because
while
there
might
be
an
initiative
incorporate
social
responsibility,
without
necessary
conditions,
implementation
may
not
occur
desired.
Originality/value:
article
aims
contribute
field
by
providing
overview
how
education
has
served
tool
increase
awareness,
leading
behaviors
protect
ecosystems'
welfare.
