Perplexity and choice: challenges and future development of laver cultivation in Jiangsu Province, China

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Seaweed cultivation holds significant importance in addressing global challenges.On the one hand,it aids alleviating food crisis.On other offers substantial ecological benefits,such as enhancing carbon sequestration,facilitating nitrogen cycling,and mitigating eutrophication(He et al.,2008;Wu al.,2015;Mantri al.,2023).Globally,the dominant cultivated economic seaweeds include Laminaria spp.,Kappaphycus spp.,Gracilaria spp.,Neopyropia spp.,and Undaria spp.(Park al.,2021;Khan al.,2024).In 2022,the annual production of seaweed is estimated to be approximately 36.4 million metric tons(live weight),with red algae accounting for about 55.8% and brown 43.8%(FAO,2024).Asia constitutes principal region cultivation,representing over 97% production,with China(about 60%),Indonesia(about 25%),South Korea(about 5%),and Philippines(about 4%)being largest contributors this industry(Khan al.,2024;Liu al.,2024).Among them,the Neopyropia species,a type high-end algae,is highly favored among consumers(Li al.,2023)and possesses rich edible medicinal values(Subramaniyan al.,2021;Zhao al.,2023).It frequently utilized foods such laver sushi pancakes.Consequently,the significance self-evident.China boasts world's area,with total reaching 209,939 tons(dry weight)in 2023(Fishery Administration Bureau Ministry Agriculture Rural Affairs,2024).The main species haitanensis,Neopyropia yezoensis,Neopyropia acanthophora,and dentata(Wang al.,2020).Notably,Jiangsu Province,China,serves leading area sought-after N.yezoensis(Figure 1).The N.yezoensis aquaculture industry Subei intertidal zone Jiangsu Province originated 1970s 20th century(Liu al.,2021a).After more than 50 years development,the has become area,leading both nationally globally.For instance,in 2023,the reached 33,393 hectares,approximately 51.81% national area.During same year,the 35,936 weight),accounting 17.12% production(Fishery considerable scale comprehensively enhanced coastal development industrial reputation Province.Furthermore,many impoverished individuals have achieved poverty alleviation wealth accumulation through cultivation(Li al.,2011).Nevertheless,the progressively encountering certain challenges,such extreme marine events disasters.This opinion article aims identify key factors affecting proposes recommendations its sustainable development.For growth stages seaweed,extreme climate changes can lead cellular subcellular damage thalli,ultimately growth,quality,and yield(Khan al.,2024).Currently,the negative impact change on a long-term widespread issue encountered processes(Veenhof al.,2024),which difficult resolve effectively short term.Over past six decades,the sea surface temperature Southern Yellow Sea(SYS)has generally shown an increasing trend,with warming amplitude 0.61°C.This indicates that under backdrop warming,the SYS exhibited trend(Guo al.,2024).Concurrently,the interannual multidecadal variability also associated with large-scale climatic El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)(Wang & Yu,2014),leading anomalous regional seawater temperatures years.Elevated indirectly promote frequent occurrence diseases hinder N.yezoensis.Currently,climate occurrences seedling rot,slow growth,and reductions yield during Neopyropia,resulting losses recent years(Figure 2A).For instance,from late 2016 mid-2017,influenced by abnormally high Haizhou Bay area,the Lianyun District,Lianyungang City,Jiangsu Province,was severely reduced,with decrease 60% compared previous year(Lianyun District People's Government,2017).Extreme weather triggered warrant attention.At end April 2021,an infrequent event featuring winds thunderstorms occurred SYS,with wind gusts level 14.This resulted direct exceeding 140 RMB Yuan Nantong Province(Lu Du,2022),and collapse rafts(Lu Du,2022).Tens thousands raft components,including ropes bamboo poles(Figure 2B),are being swept into ocean(Sun al.,2022a),causing farmers.It affected smooth progress recovery operations,and addition,caused casualties,either directly or indirectly(CCTV,2021).Similarly,in January 2016,Lianyungang experienced severe ice strong caused extremely cold weather.This 7,000 hectares incalculable local farmers(Sohu,2016).In addition,rising CO2 concentrations contribute ocean acidification,which interspecific competition seaweeds(Feng al.,2024).Although elevated levels alleviate competitive relationship between harmful epiphyte Ulva species(e.g.,Ulva prolifera),the perspective growing advantage scenario(Sun al.,2021).Traditionally,N.yezoensis considered cold-tolerant seaweed,whereas U.prolifera exhibits greater capacity endure higher N.yezoensis.Micropropagules are persistently present region(Cao al.,2023;Xia al.,2024a),and areas components not colonized conducive attachment U.prolifera,leading subsequent occupation niches structures(Zhang al.,2019a).Concurrently,as matures,it demonstrates stronger ability absorb nutrients N.yezoensis,thereby allowing epiphytically gradually establish advantage(Shan,2022).This results capability occupy niches,which subsequently impacts normal affects future region.Neopyropia yezoensis susceptible various due change,harmful microbial infection,and overcrowding cultivation(Kim al.,2014).Common rot,chytrid blight,green spot disease,and white rot(Qiu al.,2019;Yang al.,2020;Bae genetic characterization decline populations.In addition,the waters eutrophic(Liu al.,2013),and heavily polluted particularly prone pathogens proliferation.These negatively growth,ultimately reducing causing farmers.For 2004,approximately 5,000 City maritime suffered from rot,resulting loss 60 Yuan(Yangtze Evening Post,2004).Similarly,in 2016,over 1,300 Rudong County rot,with cost alone amounting around 40 Yuan,causing 3,000 farmers(Wang,2016).In 2019,134 Yancheng rot,which was pathogenic bacterium Opliidopsis sp.(He al.,2021).It should clarified inevitably faces varying degrees(Khan al.,2024).These unique China but represent issue(Yang al.,2020).For example,between 2013 2014,an outbreak green disease farms Sunchon,South Korea,could cause complete rot thalli within 1-2 days,resulting 1.1 USD,equivalent 10.7% farm sales(Kim al.,2014).The sudden onset often prevents timely effective mitigation measures reduce damage,ultimately farmers.Neopyropia demands high-quality thrives best moderate flow velocity water exchange capacity(He al.,2018).In Province,suitable been largely exploited,limiting potential further expansion scale.Similarly,N.yezoensis struggles grow low-nutrient areas(Huang al.,2023).Although phosphorus Jiangsu's support Neopyropia,the extensive density restrict limited carrying area(Shan,2022).Taking outer radial sandbars Dafeng example,the once spanned continuous distribution 13,000 hectares.However,the excessive adversely area(Shan,2022).As result,laver center parts could receive sufficient nutrient replenishment,leading deficiencies essential growth(Shan,2022).Additionally,the close proximity facilities facilitates rapid spread diseases,further yields(Shan,2022).Concurrently,some engaged activities do comply regulations established Chinese government(Figure 2C).This noncompliance exacerbated scope activities,creating additional challenges.Lin al.(2021)identified two special utilization zones port shipping where unreasonable illegal occurred.These involved 135.84 hectares,primarily concentrated locations Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant Special Utilization Zone,Ganyu Port Zone,Shiqiao Shipping Area,Xuwei Area,Ganyu Area,Lvsi Area,Xiaomiao Hong Area,and Jinniu Area(Lin al.,2021).Green blooms persisted eighteen consecutive years(Zhang al.,2019b;Xia al.,2024b),predominantly U.prolifera,which led adverse effects related fisheries industries(Cao al.,2023;Yao al.,2024).On hand,the facilities(Han al.,2013;Huo al.,2015)competes nutrients(Figure 2D),thereby impeding growth.On hand,removing attached incurs labor costs farmers(Sun al.,2022a).Notably,the tide disasters near rarely observed globally,with no similar reports countries regions' areas.To mitigate outbreaks,the Natural Resources Republic currently focusing biomass rafts Province(Liu al.,2021b;Xia al.,2022;He al.,2023;Sun al.,2022b),and taken curb cultivation(Jiangsu Laver Association,2020).Additionally,laver farmers encouraged proactively adjust their schedules,including withdrawing advance cycle conducting early cleanup seaweeds(Figure 2E).These aimed at maximizing benefits(Sun al.,2022a).However,these actions impacted yields Province,posing challenges formation "common interest group" balances fishery control.For 2021,Jiangsu collectively retired 4,000 reduced used 6,400 hectares.By May 8,2021,all were brought ashore,prematurely ending period 2020 mid-2021.This adjustment revenue reduction 1-1.2 billion province's industry(Diao Ma,2021)and dissatisfaction disaster management.Furthermore,since funds allocated prevention nearly approached actual benefits Province.Taking 2024 case point,the investment funds(including central government financial allocations)has exceeded Yuan,underscoring burden challenge.The phenomenon golden impacting only regions Province.The proliferation Sargassum horneri,the primary responsible tides,has posed years.Since 2016,large-scale gatherings drifting S.horneri off winter spring(Wang al.,2023).The arrival "algal mat" area(Figure 2F)led structural some rafts(Zhuang al.,2020).Moreover,golden entangled nets hinders photosynthesis effectively,leading stage.To address issue,laver compelled manually remove tangled rafts,which increases causes detachment process.Such disruptions result losses,amounting hundreds millions farmers(Liu al.,2021c).For spring 2017,the Province,causing up 500 industries cities(Liu al.,2018).Currently,there method macroalgal source,as origin outbreaks remains unclear(Wang al.,2024).Therefore,when disasters,manual clearance viable approach minimize losses.Given current trend,effective challenging(Liu al.,2021b).In longer suitable growth,it worthwhile attempt heat-resistant strains,such N.haitanensis(Zhou al.,2023),which Province.Following successful pilot N.haitanensis SYS(Figure 2G),some opted cease favor N.haitanensis,while others initiated experiments rotation planting N.haitanensis.Taking example,Lianyun Government Lianyungang engage rotational N.yezoensis(Liandao Subdistrict,2024).Laver Liandao Subdistrict piloted 800 hectares,achieving bountiful harvest October 2024,with 15 tons per hectare(live weight),resulting output value 130 Yuan(Liandao Subdistrict,2024).At present,the Provincial Government's promotion scheme initial success deemed worthy application.At focused aquaculture,explicitly prohibiting establishment new projects natural coastlines fall protection lines(Ministry China,2024).It cleared unlicensed withdrawn line areas(Figure 2C).Meanwhile,efforts underway optimize spatial planning layout adhering principles high-quality,ecological,and standardized development.These efforts transferring nearshore tidal flats deeper strengthening management supervision no-culture zones,limited-culture zones,and zones(Jiangsu Association,2020;Lianyungang Municipal Affairs,2021).In addition,research technologies prevent carried out(Jiangsu Geology,2024).Efforts made strengthen waste,such discarded promoting centralized treatment resource waste.These aim U.prolifera,the SYS,providing scientific basis prevention.Simultaneously,relevant departments researching environmental capacities guidance superior authorities provide theoretical foundations determining appropriate Province.In response density,the recommends high-density guiding enterprises control reasonable range(Lianyungang Affairs,2021).Appropriately helps slow process.To these issues,Shan(2022)suggests controlling overall area.Furthermore,the associations coordinate divide several smaller zones,increasing spacing allow exchange.At time,individual arrangements,expanding 4 meters 6-7 meters(Shan,2022).This will ensure exchange,reduce incidence,and increase unit cultivation.There demand China(Li al.,2023)from including Japan,the United States,and South Korea.To meet demand,it crucial maintain Province(Figure 1)and China.Yang al.(2021)reported lower-salinity City,elevated suppress activity antioxidant enzymes expression genes N.yezoensis,rendering vulnerable decay.To issues,a progressive relocation southern cities imperative.Notably,parts already transferred Shandong Liaoning provinces China,where colder conditions risk decay(Yang al.,2021).Moreover,it anticipated 2050,the range East Asian expand Sea Okhotsk Russia(Zhou al.,2023).Shifting chain towards higher-latitude expected enhance quality.Furthermore,considering tides biological mid- low-latitude regions(Yao al.,2024),as well warming,algal bloom outbreaks,are occur earlier further(Qi al.,2022).Gradually relocating may help algal industry.The industry,characterized labor-intensive nature,requires input throughout while typically yielding modest returns.In future,integrating Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA)models(Kang al.,2013)may monoculture risks unlock potential(Lianyungang Affairs,2021).For example,in 2021,Lianyungang Aquaculture(IMTA)management model incorporating co-cultivation shellfish seaweeds.Demonstration farming produced positive results,achieving benefit 3.19 generating sequestration effects(Ministry Education China,2023).With IMTA systems supporting infrastructure,additional opportunities developing recreational ecotourism farms,such 'new energy+' farms(Yi Li,2024),can emerge.This synergy agriculture fishing maximize income farmers.However,the adoption refinement models still require ongoing feasibility studies remain dependent maturity service level.Currently,local governments formulating relevant laws regulations.For 1,2025,to December 31,2029,the permit ranching areas(Shandong Department Affairs,2024).This initiative integration fishing,enhancing farmers.In addition,by integrating emission trading markets exploring blue pathways,future sink revenues advancement stabilization ecosystems,thereby achieving mutually beneficial outcomes.For example,leveraging laver(Cangnan Government,2022),Yonggui Aquaculture Family Farm secured "laver credit loan" valued 1.75 Yuan,using rights generated collateral(The Municipality,2023).Notably,the actively regulation orderly trading.The "Interim Regulations Carbon Emission Rights Trading",effective 1,2024(The State Council China,2024),provide institutional guarantees legislative level.However,the realization specific economic,ecological,and social depends comprehensive standard system.At transformation exploratory stage requires practical innovation robust policy support.This systematically outlines state laver(N.yezoensis)cultivation Province,the it faces,and strategies development.Jiangsu Province,as N.yezoensis,plays critical role provides supply market.However,factors change,diseases,high-density cultivation,green tides,and pose threats cultivation.To challenges,we propose strategies,including varieties,improving standardization order practices,relocating latitude regions,and transforming model.The implementation upgrading Province's industry,as formulation strategies.Additionally,these ecosystem protection,achieving win-win situation benefits.

Language: Английский

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Exploration and implication of green macroalgal proliferation in the Nanhui-east-tidal-flat: an investigation of post-reclamation mudflat wetlands

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Jan. 27, 2025

The Nanhui-east-tidal-flat (NETF), the largest marginal shoal in Yangtze River of China, is significantly impacted by human activities. Prior research has not detected presence green macroalgae NETF, nor it explored effects reclamation on distribution macroalgae. However, 2021, a small-scale aggregated attached algal mats emerged potentially signaling onset tide and necessitating vigilant monitoring. Morphological molecular biological identification analysis revealed that all collected were attributed to single dominant species, Ulva prolifera , characterized broad blades prominent air bladders, colonizing various substrates. U. exhibited continuous growth from March May peaking at wet weight 373.6229 g/m² dry 72.7904 1, within accessible sampling period. rapid proliferation “opportunistic” was facilitated high-level eutrophication favorable environmental conditions. Furthermore, six potential germplasm sources are summarized. dominance intertidal zone often indicates high deteriorating ecological With long-term repeated restoration projects, vegetation subjected vicious cycle destruction. Therefore, important recognize (macroalgae micropropagules) will persist over long term, mudflats with monotonous eutrophic habitats highly likely experience future large-scale blooms. Notably, floating observed sea area near NETF July 2023, such concerns unfounded. This study conducts foundational scientific algae, type relatively scarce other marine areas. Most studies tend initiate only after outbreak tides, lacking early background data environment, thus rendering this significant reference value. Concurrently, emphasizes field surveys remain an essential approach for conducting algae region, need select appropriate methods based occurrence development mats, as required situation. Importantly, reflects stability ecosystems prerequisite modern ocean management services, provides new perspectives highlights risk factors should be considered implementation construction projects.

Language: Английский

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Gene flow enhances genetic diversity and local adaptation in Pyropia yezoensis populations

Water Biology and Security, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 100411 - 100411

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae (Volume I)

Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 246 - 246

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

Aquatic macrophytes and algae constitute essential components of aquatic ecosystems, fulfilling diverse critical roles in sustaining ecological integrity equilibrium [...]

Language: Английский

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Legal Mechanism for Nuclear Data Regulatory Co-operation in the Pacific Rim Region in the Context of Japan's Discharge of Nuclear Contaminated Water

Environmental Challenges, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101110 - 101110

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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