Journal of Animal Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
102
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Abstract
Virtual
fencing
(VF)
is
a
modern
technology
that
requires
the
animal
to
wear
device
(e.g.,
collar)
emits
acoustic
signals
replace
visual
cue
of
traditional
physical
fences
(PF)
and,
if
necessary,
mild
electric
signals.
The
use
devices
provide
leads
concerns
regarding
welfare
virtually
fenced
animals.
objective
this
review
give
an
overview
current
state
VF
research
into
and
learning
behavior
cattle.
Therefore,
systematic
literature
search
was
conducted
using
two
online
databases
reference
lists
relevant
articles.
Studies
included
were
peer-reviewed
written
in
English,
used
beef
or
dairy
cattle,
tested
neck-mounted
devices.
Further
inclusion
criteria
combination
audio
electrical
setup
as
pasture
trial,
which
implied
animals
grazed
groups
on
grassland
for
4
h
minimum
while
at
least
one
fence
side
fenced.
eligible
studies
(n
=
13)
assigned
following
categories:
8)
9).
As
data
availability
conducting
meta-analysis
not
sufficient,
comparison
means
indicators
(daily
weight
gain,
daily
lying
time,
steps
per
hour,
number
bouts,
fecal
cortisol
metabolites
[FCM])
physically
done
instead.
In
additional
qualitative
approach,
results
from
welfare-related
assembled
discussed.
For
behavior,
their
ratio
linear
regression
model
with
duration
days
numeric
predictor
assess
trends
over
time.
There
no
significant
differences
between
PF
most
(except
FCM
lower
values
VF;
P
0.0165).
did
have
effect
However,
trial
electric-to-acoustic
(P
0.0014)
could
be
detected,
resulting
decreasing
trend
suggests
successful
learning.
Overall,
we
conclude
so
far
promising
but
yet
sufficient
ensure
impacts
certain
cattle
types.
More
necessary
investigate
especially
possible
long-term
effects
VF.
animal,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18(8), P. 101231 - 101231
Published: June 27, 2024
Virtual
fencing
(VF)
technology
is
gaining
interest
due
to
its
potential
facilitate
sustainable
grazing
management.
It
allows
farmers
contain
livestock
without
physical
fences,
thereby
reducing
the
time
and
labour
associated
with
implementation
of
conventional
fences.
From
a
conservation
perspective,
some
sensitive
areas
within
uplands
should
not
be
grazed
during
certain
periods
year,
VF
provides
an
invisible
moveable
fence
line
that
can
exclude
from
these
areas.
However,
there
are
also
concerns
use,
including
animal
welfare
impacts,
cost-effectiveness,
public
perception.
The
extent
which
contribute
make
systems
more
remains
investigated.
To
address
this
gap,
study
investigates
promote
management
using
Efficiency,
Substitution,
Redesign
framework,
has
been
used
for
first
in
context.
framework
particularly
relevant
taking
active
normative
approach
identify
key
aspects
focus
on
help
achieve
sustainability.
We
consulted
stakeholders
farmers,
wildlife
inspectors,
veterinarians,
policy
officers,
researchers,
NGOs,
farm
advisors
or
certification
managers,
through
groups
(N
=
4)
in-depth,
semi-structured
interviews
5).
Stakeholders
have
highlighted
provide
new
opportunities
increase
efficiency
sustainability
systems,
enabling
their
redesign,
contributing
improved
environmental
outcomes,
as
well
higher
financial
social
performance.
important
remain
addressed
such
issues
reliability
poor
network
signal,
animals'
ability
learn,
biosecurity
safety
related
absence
suitability
farmers'
use
effectively.
This
highlights
need
ensure
development
uptake
mutually
beneficial
animals,
wider
farming
industry.
includes
highlight
importance
participative
approaches
involve
maximise
technology.
Livestock,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(5), P. 227 - 234
Published: Sept. 2, 2023
Virtual
fencing
systems
are
having
rapid
commercial
uptake.
A
geographical
navigation
satellite
system
(GNSS)-locating
collar
provides
sound
warning
alerts
to
each
animal
when
in
close
proximity
virtual
fencelines
set
on
the
stock
manager's
app.
These
followed
by
an
electric
shock
if
proceeds
forward,
but
no
further
shock/warnings
reversing
or
turning
away.
Many
research
reports
show
that
through
associative
learning,
livestock
quickly
understand
and
adapt
paddocks
with
low
numbers
of
shocks.
Escapees
usually
return
main
group
quickly.
Practical
applications
for
extensive
include
keeping
away
from
danger
areas
which
would
be
difficult
expensive
fence.
Combining
physical
inspections,
more
easily
achieved
live
locations,
inspections
offers
opportunities
improve
management,
though
there
risks
number
may
decrease.
Highly
flexible
rapidly
modified
grassland
together
other
combined
sensors
health
reproduction,
provide
farm
management
gains.
Rangelands,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
47(1), P. 84 - 91
Published: May 24, 2024
Containing
cattle
with
a
virtual
fence
(VF)
has
gained
considerable
attention.
VF
technology
uses
auditory
and
electric
stimuli
to
contain
or
exclude
from
predetermined
areas,
which
raised
concerns
over
welfare.
We
evaluated
blood
markers
associated
stress
inflammatory
response
when
naive
were
fitted
collars.
detected
no
major
changes
in
markers.
Cattle
able
quickly
identify
adapt
boundaries
time
reduce
the
number
of
stimuli.
Our
results
indicate
can
within
pre-established
boundary
does
not
negatively
impact
Animals,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(22), P. 3558 - 3558
Published: Nov. 17, 2023
Virtual
fencing
systems
have
emerged
as
a
promising
technology
for
managing
the
distribution
of
livestock
in
extensive
grazing
environments.
This
study
provides
comprehensive
documentation
learning
process
involving
two
conditional
behavioral
mechanisms
and
efficient,
effective,
safe
animal
training
virtual
fence
applications
on
nursing
Brangus
cows.
Two
hypotheses
were
examined:
(1)
animals
would
learn
to
avoid
restricted
zones
by
increasing
their
use
containment
within
polygon,
(2)
progressively
receive
fewer
audio-electric
cues
over
time
increasingly
rely
auditory
modification.
Data
from
GPS
coordinates,
metrics
derived
collar
data,
cueing
events
analyzed
evaluate
these
hypotheses.
The
results
supported
hypothesis
1,
revealing
that
activation
significantly
increased
spent
reduced
compared
when
was
deactivated.
Concurrently,
mirrored
findings,
with
cows
adjusting
daily
travel
distances,
exploration
area,
cumulative
activity
counts
response
allocation
areas
different
configurations.
Hypothesis
2
also
results,
decrease
reliance
audio
avert
receiving
mild
electric
pulse.
These
outcomes
underscore
rapid
capabilities
groups
responding
boundaries.
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
18(01)
Published: March 14, 2024
We
present
an
approach
for
grassland
management
using
uncrewed
aerial
vehicles
(UAV)
LIDAR
data
and
statistical
modeling
techniques
integrated
within
a
software-based
multi-level
information
system
(SMI).
The
primary
objective
is
to
utilize
UAV
LiDAR
SMI
accurately
estimate
compressed
sward
height
(CSH)
above-ground
biomass
precision
farming
applications.
As
case
study,
four
flights
were
conducted
over
rotational
grazing
farmland,
the
collected
processed
point
cloud.
A
model
was
developed
CSH
values
(R2=0.59,
RMSE
=
5.9
cm)
metrics
of
cloud
data.
In
addition,
destructive
sampling
facilitated
calibration
process,
enabling
based
on
values,
specifically
expressed
as
herbage
dry
(R2=0.89,
RMSE=0.2669
Mg
ha−1).
further
enabled
approximation
across
entire
area
interest,
which
covered
∼200
ha,
utilizing
2.5×2.5
m
polygon
grid.
subsequently
transferred
SMI,
operates
same
grid
complements
information,
thus
offering
comprehensive
foundation
decision-making,
optimizing
systems,
efficient
resource
allocation.
contribute
advancing
sustainable
management.
Rangelands,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: May 1, 2024
Virtual
fence
(VF)
technologies
can
aid
cattle
producers
in
applying
grazing
management
for
land
resource
objectives.
Acute
stress
and
animal
welfare
are
important
factors
to
consider
when
adopting
VF
on
rangelands.
did
not
cause
increased
heart
rate
(HR)
mature,
lactating
beef
cows
receiving
audio
or
electric
cues
during
a
30-minute
period.
Increased
HR
was
observed
interacted
with
the
cue
boundary,
but
typically
returned
levels
control
period
within
30
seconds
4
minutes.
Overall,
caused
minimal
acute
mature
calves
learned
respond
warnings
avoid
after
being
trained.
The
agricultural
industry
relies
on
physical
fences
to
manage
livestock.
However,
present
some
practical,
financial,
and
ecological
problems,
that
partly
may
be
solved
by
virtual
fencing.
it
is
necessary
for
the
livestock
adapted
This
study
aims
identify
if
adaptation
fence
can
improved
through
social
facilitation
between
experienced
cattle
remaining
herd.
Moreover,
which
of
two
different
learning
processes,
a
gradual
or
instant
introduction
most
effective
in
associating
warnings
with
impulses.
Three
pastures
containing
Angus
(Bos
taurus)
will
used
examine
these
investigations;
A,
B
C.
All
investigations
are
conducted
Danish
Island
Fanø.
methods
process
were
used,
one
introductions
fence.
had
varying
amounts
cattle.
Impulses
recorded
during
period
following
observation
period.
To
quantify
adapt
warnings,
impulses
per
warning
used.
There
was
no
evidence
improvement
presence
any
pastures,
indicating
facilitation.
Gradual
found
more
beneficial
than
introduction.
More
standardized
tests
discover
full
effect
