Oral SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection and Risk for Long Covid

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(2)

Published: March 1, 2025

ABSTRACT SARS‐CoV‐2 is an oral pathogen that infects and replicates in mucosal salivary epithelial cells, contributing to post‐acute sequelae COVID‐19 (PASC) other non‐oral pathologies. While pre‐existing inflammatory diseases provides a conducive environment for the virus, acute infection persistence of can also results microbiome dysbiosis further worsens poor health. Indeed, PASC includes periodontal diseases, dysgeusia, xerostomia, pharyngitis, keratoses, pulpitis suggesting significant bacterial contributions tissue tropism. Dysbiotic microbiome‐induced inflammation promote viral entry via angiotensin‐converting enzyme receptor‐2 (ACE2), serine transmembrane TMPRSS2 possibly non‐canonical pathways. Additionally, metabolites derived from dysbiotic alter physiological biochemical pathways related metabolism lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids. This may pro‐inflammatory microenvironment, leading immune exhaustion, loss tolerance, susceptibility variety pathogens, causing later chronic inflammation. Microbial release mimics host metallopeptidases furin, ADAM17 (A disintegrin metalloproteinase 17), glycoprotein aid attachment T cell immunoglobulin‐like (TIMs), enhancing while simultaneously depressing resistance clearance. Membrane reorganization characterised by neuroproteins, such as neuropilins, functionally assists with extends pathogenesis cavity brain, gut, or tissues. Thus, health, disrupted microbiomes tropism, weaken antiviral resistance, heightens infection. dysfunction increases risk additional infections, exacerbating conditions like endodontic diseases. These persistent health issues contribute systemic inflammation, creating bidirectional effects between tissues, potentially Post‐Acute Sequelae (PASC).

Language: Английский

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Decoding the intricacies: a comprehensive analysis of microRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 7, 2024

The pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), provoked by the appearance a novel named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), required worldwide healthcare emergency. This has elicited an immediate need for accelerated research into its mechanisms disease, criteria diagnosis, methods forecasting outcomes, and treatment approaches. microRNAs (miRNAs), are diminutive RNA molecules, that non-coding participate in gene expression regulation post-transcriptionally, having important participation regulating immune processes. miRNAs have granted substantial interest their impact on viral replication, cell proliferation, modulation how host’s system responds. narrative review delves host miRNAs’ multifaceted roles within COVID-19 context, highlighting involvement disease progression, diagnostics, prognostics aspects, given stability biological fluids varied profiles when responding to infection. Additionally, we discuss complicated interactions between SARS-CoV-2 cellular machinery facilitated revealing dysregulation miRNA advances evasion, inflammatory responses. Furthermore, it investigates potential as therapeutic agents, whether synthetic or naturally occurring, which could be harnessed either mitigate harmful inflammation enhance antiviral However, searching more deeply is needed clarify involved pathogenesis COVID-19, diagnosis processes, prognostic assessments, approaches patients.

Language: Английский

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Endogenous miRNA-Based Innate-Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Invasion of the Brain

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3363 - 3363

Published: Feb. 8, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, possesses an unusually large positive-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (ssvRNA) genome about ~29,903 nucleotides (nt). In many respects, this ssvRNA resembles a very large, polycistronic messenger (mRNA) possessing 5′-methyl cap (m7GpppN), 3′- and 5′-untranslated region (3′-UTR, 5′-UTR), poly-adenylated (poly-A+) tail. As such, SARS-CoV-2 is susceptible to targeting by small non-coding (sncRNA) and/or microRNA (miRNA), as well neutralization inhibition its infectivity via human body’s natural complement ~2650 miRNA species. Depending on host cell tissue type, in silico analysis, sequencing, molecular-genetic investigations indicate that, remarkably, almost every single has potential interact with primary sequence ssvRNA. Individual variation abundance, speciation, complexity among different populations additional variability distribution angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor (ACE2R) appear further contribute basis for wide individual susceptibility COVID-19 infection. paper, we review recently described aspects ribonucleotide structure highly evolved miRNA–ssvRNA recognition signaling system and, first time, report most abundant miRNAs control superior temporal lobe neocortex (STLN), anatomical area involved cognition targeted both invasion Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We evaluate important factors involving neurotropic nature ACE2R STLN that modulate significant functional deficits brain CNS associated infection COVID-19’s long-term neurological effects.

Language: Английский

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Circulatory microRNAs as potential biomarkers for different aspects of COVID-19

Archives of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 170(1)

Published: Dec. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

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The signature of SARS-CoV-2 evolution reflects selective pressures within human guts

Authorea (Authorea), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 7, 2023

In somatic cells, microRNAs (miRNAs) bind to the genomes of RNA viruses and influence their translation replication. Here we demonstrate that a significant number miRNA binding sites locate in NSP4 region SARS-CoV-2 genome, intestinal human miRNAs exert evolutionary pressure on this region. Notably, infected promotes formation double-membrane vesicles, which serve as scaffolds for replication-transcriptional complexes protect viral from intracellular destruction. three years selection, loss many sites, particular, those within NSP4, has shaped promote descendants BA.2 variants dominant strains define current momentum pandemics. Findings highlight possibility tissue may significantly impact evolution genome play pivotal role long COVID.

Language: Английский

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The signature of SARS‐CoV‐2 evolution reflects selective pressures within human guts

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 95(8)

Published: July 29, 2023

Abstract In somatic cells, microRNAs (miRNAs) bind to the genomes of RNA viruses and influence their translation replication. London Berlin samples represented in GISAID database, we traced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) lineages divided these sequenced two groups, “Ancestral variants” “Omicrons,” analyzed them through prism tissue‐specific binding between host miRNAs viral messenger RNAs. We demonstrate a significant number miRNA‐binding sites NSP4 region SARS‐CoV‐2 genome, with evidence evolutionary pressure within this exerted by human intestinal miRNAs. Notably, infected promotes formation double‐membrane vesicles, which serve as scaffolds for replication‐transcriptional complexes protect from intracellular destruction. 3 years selection, loss many general those particular has shaped genomes. With that, descendants BA.2 variants were promoted dominant strains, define current momentum pandemics.

Language: Английский

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