Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
339(7), P. 684 - 692
Published: May 26, 2023
Abstract
The
gastrointestinal
tract
(GIT)
is
colonized
by
resident
microbiota
but
contact
with
foreign
during
feeding
can
impair
GIT
functions.
During
meal
digestion,
several
vertebrates
modulate
the
systemic
immune
function
and
immunoregulatory
hormones
concentration.
However,
in
ectothermic
animals,
it
not
known
if
this
hormonal
modulation
postprandial
period
affected
presence
of
pathogenic
food.
This
study
aimed
to
investigate
effects
contaminated
ingestion
on
innate
responses
bullfrogs
(
Lithobates
catesbeianus
).
Bullfrogs
were
divided
into
three
treatments:
fed
times
sterilized
fish
feed
(control
group),
twice
once
containing
live
bacteria
Aeromonas
hydrophila
,
10
9
UFC/mL),
bacteria.
Blood
tissues
collected
24
h
after
treatments
measure
plasma
tissue
corticosterone
levels,
NL
ratio,
bacterial
killing
ability.
did
affect
parameters.
In
conclusion,
food
was
capable
intensifying
hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal
axis
activation
consequent
observed
bullfrogs.
our
results
suggest
that
meals
tended
decrease
stomach
levels
(nonstatistically
significant),
possibly
contributing
preventing
transmigration
organs
outside
GIT.
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
335(6), P. 541 - 551
Published: May 21, 2021
Abstract
The
inflammatory
response
is
a
complex
process
that
relies
on
interactions
among
multiple
endocrine
and
immune
modulators.
Studies
incorporating
time‐related
integrative
responses
to
an
challenge
might
shed
light
the
characterization
of
phases
in
anurans.
present
study
investigated
changes
(1,
3,
6,
18
h
post‐challenge)
plasma
corticosterone
(CORT),
melatonin
(MEL)
testosterone
(T)
levels,
phagocytosis
percentage
(PP),
bacterial
killing
ability
(BKA),
neutrophil
lymphocyte
ratio
(NLR)
following
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)
Rhinella
diptycha
toads.
Our
results
showed
LPS
injection
was
characterized
by
increased
CORT,
PP,
BKA,
NLR,
with
concomitant
decrease
MEL
T.
Increased
CORT
more
pronounced
at
6
h,
while
NLR
observed
only
post‐LPS
injection.
Meanwhile,
T
decreased
independently
time
Additionally,
toads
better
body
condition
higher
BKA
PP
LPS‐treated
group,
regardless
postinjection.
show
(
R.
)
were
sensitive
challenge,
mounting
response,
which
started
quickly
(after
1
h)
developed
over
influenced
condition.
These
demonstrate
hormonal
variation
as
consistent
pattern
activation
system,
well
hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal/interrenal
immune‐pineal
axes
deeply
studied
mammals,
suggesting
evolutionary
conservation
regulatory
mechanisms
for
tetrapod
vertebrates.
Integrative and Comparative Biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
62(6), P. 1654 - 1670
Published: April 12, 2022
Abstract
This
paper
reviews
several
aspects
of
immunoendocrinology
and
ecoimmunology
in
Brazilian
species
anurans
under
investigation
for
more
than
a
decade,
including
(1)
patterns
annual
covariation
circulating
steroids,
calling
behavior
innate
immunity,
(2)
endocrine
immune
correlates
performance,
(3)
behavioral
physiological
parasite
load,
(4)
thermal
sensitivity
function,
(5)
immunomodulation
by
experimental
exposure
to
acute
chronic
stressors,
as
well
manipulations
simulated
infections.
Integrated
results
have
shown
an
immunoprotective
role
increased
steroid
plasma
levels
during
reproductive
activity
males.
Moreover,
higher
helminth
load
is
associated
with
changes
traits
field
conditions.
We
also
found
anuran
immunity
generally
characterized
eurythermy,
maximal
performance
observed
temperatures
close
normal
fever
preferendum.
the
aerobic
scope
response
decreased
at
Experimental
stressors
corticosterone
redistribution,
impact
on
function
depending
duration
stress
exposure.
Interestingly,
fate
depends
part
individual
body
condition.
Acute
treatment
enhances
while
prolonged
immunosuppression.
Still,
hormonal
are
complex
depend
dose,
treatment,
variable
considered.
Finally,
infection
modulation
expression
cytokines,
activation
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal
axis,
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal
reduced
melatonin
levels,
suggesting
that
functional
Immune-Pineal
homologous
previously
described
mammals.
These
integrated
complementary
approaches
contributed
better
understanding
mechanisms
processes,
ecological
evolutionary
implications
immunoendocrinology.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
378(1882)
Published: June 12, 2023
Glucocorticoid
(GC)
release
is
triggered
by
adverse
stimuli
that
activate
the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal
axis.
Glucocorticoids
may
enhance
or
suppress
immune
functions
depending
on
level
of
elevation.
In
this
study,
we
investigated
effects
transient
and
chronic
increase
corticosterone
(CORT)
wound
healing
American
bullfrog.
Frogs
were
submitted
to
a
daily
transdermal
hormonal
application
acutely
elevated
CORT
plasma
levels,
vehicle
as
control.
Other
frogs
surgically
implanted
with
silastic
tube
filled
resulted
in
elevation
levels
received
empty
implants
A
dermal
biopsy
was
performed
create
photographed
every
3
days.
Individuals
treated
started
faster
than
their
control
32
days
after
biopsy.
tended
heal
slower
subjects.
Plasma
bacterial
killing
ability
not
affected
treatment,
which
reinforces
constitutive
nature
innate
trait.
By
end
experiment,
from
acute
treatment
had
smaller
wounds
compared
those
receiving
CORT-filled
implants,
highlighting
differential
(immunoenhancing)
(immunosuppressive)
levels.
This
article
part
theme
issue
‘Amphibian
immunity:
stress,
disease
ecoimmunology’.
Integrative Organismal Biology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
3(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2021
Synopsis
Glucocorticoids
and
melatonin
(MEL)
show
integrated
complex
immunomodulatory
effects,
mostly
described
for
endotherms,
yet
underexplored
in
amphibians.
In
this
context,
the
RT-qPCR
of
molecules
mediating
inflammatory
processes
amphibians
is
a
valuable
tool
to
explore
relationships
among
molecular
biology,
endocrine
mediators,
immune
response
these
animals.
study,
toads
(Rhinella
diptycha)
received
an
intraperitoneal
saline
injection
or
lipopolysaccharide
(LPS;
2
mg/kg).
Six
hours
post-injection,
we
analyzed
plasma
corticosterone
(CORT)
MEL
levels
pro-
anti-inflammatory
(IL-1β,
IL-6,
IL-10,
IFN-γ,
C1s).
We
found
increased
CORT
decreased
LPS.
Also,
IL-1β,
IL-10
were
upregulated
LPS-injected
compared
with
saline-injected
toads.
Overall,
our
results
demonstrate
LPS-induced
modulation
R.
diptycha
toads,
exhibiting
expected
patterns
stimulus
within
time
frame
(6
h
post-injection).
Toads
responsive
LPS
by
secreting
different
cytokines,
such
as
proinflammatory
cytokines
IL-1β
related
cell
attraction
sites
cytokine
which
limits
rate
leukocyte
infiltration,
inflammation,
downregulates
expression
cytokines.
Increased
circulating
are
probably
associated
activation
hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal
axis
actions
IL-6.
Furthermore,
likely
due
inhibited
secretion
pineal
gland
stimuli,
indicating
activation/existence
immune-pineal
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
378(1882)
Published: June 12, 2023
Amphibian
populations
have
been
declining
worldwide,
with
global
climate
changes
and
infectious
diseases
being
among
the
primary
causes
of
this
scenario.
Infectious
are
drivers
amphibian
declines,
including
ranavirosis
chytridiomycosis,
which
gained
more
attention
lately.
While
some
led
to
extinction,
others
disease-resistant.
Although
host's
immune
system
plays
a
major
role
in
disease
resistance,
little
is
known
about
mechanisms
underlying
resistance
host–pathogen
interactions.
As
ectotherms,
amphibians
directly
subjected
temperature
rainfall,
modulate
stress-related
physiology,
immunity
pathogen
physiology
associated
diseases.
In
sense,
contexts
stress,
ecoimmunology
essential
for
better
understanding
immunity.
This
issue
brings
details
ontogeny
system,
crucial
aspects
innate
adaptive
how
can
influence
resistance.
addition,
papers
demonstrate
an
integrated
view
stress
on
immune–endocrine
The
collective
body
research
presented
herein
provide
valuable
insights
into
outcomes
natural
populations,
particularly
context
changing
environmental
conditions.
These
findings
may
ultimately
enhance
our
ability
forecast
effective
conservation
strategies
populations.
article
part
theme
‘Amphibian
immunity:
ecoimmunology’.
