The
ubiquity
of
tool
use
in
human
life
has
generated
multiple
lines
scientific
and
philosophical
investigation
to
understand
the
development
expression
humans’
engagement
with
tools
its
relation
other
dimensions
experience.
However,
existing
literature
on
faces
several
epistemological
challenges
which
same
set
questions
generate
many
different
answers.
At
least
four
critical
can
be
identified,
are
intimately
intertwined—(1)
What
constitutes
use?
(2)
psychological
processes
involved
(3)
Which
these
specific
(4)
Homo
sapiens?
To
help
advance
a
multidisciplinary
understanding
use,
six
author
groups
representing
academic
disciplines
(e.g.,
anthropology,
psychology,
neuroscience)
theoretical
perspectives
respond
each
questions,
then
point
direction
future
work
use.
We
find
that
while
there
marked
differences
among
responses
respective
question,
is
a—perhaps
surprising—degree
agreement
about
essential
concepts
questions.
believe
this
interdisciplinary
intertheoretical
discussion
will
foster
more
comprehensive
than
any
one
(or
groups)
would
could)
their
own.
Animals,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(4), P. 414 - 414
Published: Feb. 9, 2022
Environmental
enrichment
has
been
widely
studied
in
rodents,
but
there
is
no
consensus
on
what
should
look
like
or
it
achieve.
Inconsistent
use
of
the
term
“enrichment”
creates
challenges
drawing
conclusions
about
quality
an
environment,
which
may
slow
housing
improvements
for
laboratory
animals.
Many
review
articles
have
addressed
environmental
rats
and
mice
(Rattus
norvegicus
Mus
musculus).
We
conducted
a
metareview
29
to
assess
how
defined
are
commonly
described
as
its
goals
requirements.
Recommendations
from
each
article
were
summarised
illustrate
conditions
generally
considered
suitable
rodents.
While
alternative
terminology,
many
acknowledged
that
blanket
terms
“enriched”
be
avoided.
was
most
often
conceptualised
method
increase
natural
behaviour
improve
animal
welfare.
Authors
also
outlined
perceived
risks
requirements
enrichment.
discuss
these
perceptions,
make
suggestions
future
research,
advocate
adoption
more
specific
value-neutral
terminology.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Feb. 16, 2023
Abstract
The
aim
was
to
investigate
the
association
of
parental
education
at
birth
with
cognitive
ability
in
childhood
and
young
adulthood
determine,
whether
functional
connectivity
salience
network
underlies
this
association.
We
studied
participants
Czech
arm
European
Longitudinal
Study
Pregnancy
Childhood
who
underwent
assessment
their
age
8
(Wechsler
Intelligence
Scale
for
Children)
28/29
years
Adult
Scale)
measurement
resting
state
MRI
23/24.
estimated
associations
between
seeds
other
voxels
brain.
found
that
lower
both
mothers
fathers
associated
verbal
IQ,
performance
IQ
full-scale
offspring
8.
Only
mother´s
28/29.
Lower
correlated
greater
right
rostral
prefrontal
cortex
a
cluster
occipital
cortex,
which,
turn,
conclude
impact
education,
particularly
father´s,
on
offspring´s
weakens
during
lifecourse.
Functional
may
be
biomarker
underlying
transmission
offspring.
There
are
immense
consistent
inter-individual
differences
in
animal
behavior.
While
many
studies
have
documented
such
behavioral
differences,
often
referred
to
as
individual
personalities,
little
research
has
focused
on
the
underlying
causes
and
determining
whether
they
innate
or
based
experience.
Moreover,
most
personalities
described
behavior
under
laboratory
conditions.
We
aimed
examine
impact
of
early
experienced
environment
behavior,
compare
it
that
individual’s
original
genetic
predisposition.
Additionally,
we
explored
correlation
between
personality
traits
measured
indoors
animal’s
outdoor
studied
Egyptian
fruit
bats,
which
vast
variability
plasticity
already
been
demonstrated.
raised
bats
a
captive
colony
either
enriched
impoverished
environments
assessed
their
controlled
then
released
into
wild
tracked
foraging
using
GPS.
Bats
had
an
during
life
displayed
increasing
boldness
exploratory
when
outdoors,
demonstrating
how
early-life
experience
can
affect
adult
The
individuals’
predispositions
did
not
predict
later
Our
findings
shed
new
light
interplay
experienced-based
effects
There
are
immense
consistent
inter-individual
differences
in
animal
behavior.
While
many
studies
have
documented
such
behavioral
differences,
often
referred
to
as
individual
personalities,
little
research
has
focused
on
the
underlying
causes
and
determining
whether
they
innate
or
based
experience.
Moreover,
most
personalities
described
behavior
under
laboratory
conditions.
We
aimed
examine
impact
of
early
experienced
environment
behavior,
compare
it
that
individual’s
original
genetic
predisposition.
Additionally,
we
explored
correlation
between
personality
traits
measured
indoors
animal’s
outdoor
studied
Egyptian
fruit
bats,
which
vast
variability
plasticity
already
been
demonstrated.
raised
bats
a
captive
colony
either
enriched
impoverished
environments
assessed
their
controlled
then
released
into
wild
tracked
foraging
using
GPS.
Bats
had
an
during
life
displayed
increasing
boldness
exploratory
when
outdoors,
demonstrating
how
early-life
experience
can
affect
adult
The
individuals’
predispositions
did
not
predict
later
Our
findings
shed
new
light
interplay
experienced-based
effects
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
19
Published: Feb. 19, 2025
Environmental
enrichment,
an
enhancement
in
the
breeding
environment
of
laboratory
animals,
enhance
development
cortical
circuit
and
suppresses
brain
dysfunction.
We
quantitatively
investigated
influences
enriched
(EE)
exposure,
on
responses
layers
2/3
(L2/3)
primary
visual
area
(V1)
mice.
EE
modifies
cortex
plasticity
by
inducing
immediate
early
genes.
To
detect
this,
we
performed
immunostaining
for
gene
product
c-Fos.
exposure
significantly
increased
number
neurons
with
high
c-Fos
fluorescence
intensity
compared
those
mice
under
standard
housing
(SH).
In
contrast,
there
was
no
significant
difference
exhibiting
low
between
SH
groups.
further
investigate
mechanism
modulation
developed
a
microcircuit
model
biologically
plausible
L2/3
V1
that
combined
excitatory
pyramidal
(Pyr)
three
inhibitory
interneuron
subclasses.
model,
synaptic
strengths
Pyr
were
determined
according
to
log-normal
distribution.
Model
simulations
various
inputs
mimicking
physiological
conditions
reproduced
experimentally
observed
activity
induced
exposure.
These
results
suggested
connections
among
obeying
distribution
underlie
characteristic
EE-exposure-induced
V1.
Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
385(6715), P. 1298 - 1305
Published: Sept. 19, 2024
For
several
decades,
although
studies
of
rat
physiology
and
behavior
have
abounded,
research
on
emotions
has
been
limited
in
scope
to
fear,
anxiety,
pain.
Converging
evidence
for
the
capacity
many
species
share
others’
affective
states
emerged,
sparking
interest
empathic
capacities
rats.
Recent
demonstrated
that
rats
are
a
highly
cooperative
motivated
by
distress
prosocial
actions,
such
as
opening
door
or
pulling
chain
release
trapped
conspecifics.
Studies
affect,
cognition,
neural
function
provide
compelling
some
represent
needs,
instrumentally
act
improve
their
well-being,
thus
capable
forms
targeted
helping.
Rats’
complex
abilities
raise
importance
integrating
new
measures
well-being
into
scientific
research.
Deleted Journal,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
137(2), P. 129 - 143
Published: April 27, 2023
Despite
increasing
numbers
of
publications
showing
that
many
animals
possess
the
neural
substrates
involved
in
emotions
and
consciousness
exhibit
agency
their
behavior,
are
still
restrained
forced
to
take
part
applied
or
fundamental
research.
However,
these
restraints
procedures,
because
they
stress
limit
expression
adaptive
may
result
compromised
findings.
Researchers
should
alter
research
paradigms
understand
mechanisms
functions
brain
behavior
so
incorporate
animals'
agency.
This
article
discusses
how
animal
cannot
only
be
key
more
wide-ranging
improved
existing
domains
but
can
also
lead
new
questions
about
evolution.
(PsycInfo
Database
Record
(c)
2023
APA,
all
rights
reserved).
