A reconstruction of parasite burden reveals one century of climate-associated parasite decline

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(3)

Published: Jan. 9, 2023

Long-term data allow ecologists to assess trajectories of population abundance. Without this context, it is impossible know whether a taxon thriving or declining extinction. For parasites wildlife, there are few long-term data—a gap that creates an impediment managing parasite biodiversity and infectious threats in changing world. We produced century-scale time series metazoan abundance used test parasitism Puget Sound, United States, and, if so, why. performed parasitological dissection fluid-preserved specimens held natural history collections for eight fish species collected between 1880 2019. found taxa using three more obligately required host species—a group comprised 52% the we detected—declined at rate 10.9% per decade, whereas no change was detected one two species. tested several potential mechanisms decline 3+-host negatively correlated with sea surface temperature, diminishing 38% every 1 °C increase. Although temperature effect strong, did not explain all variability burden, suggesting other factors may also have contributed declines observed. These document century climate-associated Sound—a massive loss biodiversity, undetected until now.

Language: Английский

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Echinococcus species in wildlife

International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 23, P. 100913 - 100913

Published: Feb. 8, 2024

Transmission of

Language: Английский

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Pathogens and planetary change

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Emerging infectious diseases, biodiversity loss, and anthropogenic environmental change are interconnected crises with massive social ecological costs. In this Review, we discuss how pathogens parasites responding to global change, the implications for pandemic prevention conservation. Ecological evolutionary principles help explain why both pandemics wildlife die-offs becoming more common; land-use loss often followed by an increase in zoonotic vector-borne diseases; some species, such as bats, host so many emerging pathogens. To prevent next pandemic, scientists should focus on monitoring limiting spread of a handful high-risk viruses, especially at key interfaces farms live-animal markets. But address much broader set disease risks associated Anthropocene, decision-makers will need develop comprehensive strategies that include pathogen surveillance across species ecosystems; conservation-based interventions reduce human–animal contact protect health; health system strengthening; improvements epidemic preparedness response. Scientists can contribute these efforts filling gaps data, expanding evidence base disease–driver relationships interventions. This Review explores relationship between diseases connected changes Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites?

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 287(1939), P. 20201841 - 20201841

Published: Nov. 18, 2020

How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth to highlight how little is known about parasite diversity, and insufficient our current approach will be describe the full scope of life Earth. Using largest database host–parasite associations one world’s collections, estimate a global total roughly 100 000–350 000 species endoparasites vertebrates, which 85–95% unknown science. The amphibians reptiles remain most poorly described, but majority undescribed probably birds bony fish. Missing disproportionately likely smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At rates, it would take centuries comprehensively sample, collect name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, argue patterns described from small, biased sample diversity aren’t necessarily reliable, especially as networks increasingly altered by change. In spirit moonshots like Human Genome Project Global Virome Project, consider idea Parasite Project: effort transform parasitology inventory at an unprecedented pace.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary Parasitology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure microbiota, entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, world would look very different. The book gives an overview over parasite groups diversity defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles evolutionary biology ecology analyse major elements host–parasite interactions, virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, many other aspects. Genetics always key these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host parasites. Similarly, spread infectious disease epidemiology combines with molecular data genomics. Furthermore, parasites evolved ways to overcome manipulate hosts. Hosts therefore, continuously co-evolve, changes sometimes occurring rapidly, requiring geological times. Many humans emerged from a zoonotic origin, processes governed by basic principles discussed different sections. this integrates fields study phenomena. It summarizes essential topics parasitology will be useful broad audience.

Language: Английский

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Environmental parasitology: stressor effects on aquatic parasites

Trends in Parasitology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 39(6), P. 461 - 474

Published: April 14, 2023

Language: Английский

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Hepatozoon (Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) in wild mammals of the Americas: a systematic review

Parasites & Vectors, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: March 6, 2024

Abstract Background The study of parasites provides insight into intricate ecological relationships in ecosystem dynamics, food web structures, and evolution on multiple scales. Hepatozoon (Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae) is a genus protozoan hemoparasites with heteroxenous life cycles that switch infections between vertebrates blood-feeding invertebrates. most comprehensive review the was published 26 years ago, currently there are no harmonized data epizootiology, diagnostics, genotyping methods, evolutionary relationships, genetic diversity Americas. Methods Here, we provide based PRISMA method regarding wild mammals within American continent, order to generate framework for future research. Results 11 out 35 countries Americas (31.4%) had , Carnivora Rodentia orders having characterizations. Bats, ungulates, shrews were least affected groups. While americanum H. -like, canis didelphydis felis milleri griseisciuri procyonis correspond identified species, plethora genospecies pending formal description combining morphology genetics. Most vectors unknown, but some flea, mite, tick species have been confirmed. detection has relied mostly conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), implementation specific real time PCR needs be employed improve its diagnosis animals future. From perspective, V4 region 18S rRNA gene widely sequenced identification animals. However, mitochondrial apicoplast markers should also targeted truly determine different genus. A phylogenetic analysis herein retrieved ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed two main clades : Clade I associated small mammals, birds, herpetozoa, II Carnivora. topology tree reflected haplotype network. Conclusions Finally, our emphasizes as potential disease agent threatened role canids spreaders Graphical Abstract

Language: Английский

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Conservation of parasites: A primer

International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 21, P. 255 - 263

Published: July 3, 2023

Although parasites make up a substantial proportion of the biotic component ecosystems, in terms both biomass and number species, they are rarely considered conservation planning, except where thought to pose threat their hosts. In this review, we address unresolved questions concerning parasite conservation. Arguments for conserving species refer intrinsic value conferred by evolutionary heritage potential, functional role provision ecosystem services, as indicators quality. We propose that proper consideration these arguments mean it is not logically defensible automatically exclude from decisions; rather, endangered hosts should be together threatened ecological community. The extent which with extinction difficult estimate any degree confidence, because so many have yet identified and, even those been formally described, limited information on factors affecting distribution abundance. This lack may partially explain under-representation lists. Effective requires maintaining access suitable conditions permit successful transmission between When implementing recovery plans host best achieved attempting restore maintain its fauna dynamic equilibrium. Ecosystem-centred more effective strategy than species-centred (or host-parasite community-centred) approaches preventing parasites, but criteria typically used identify protected areas do provide required transmission. simple decision tree aid identification appropriate actions parasites.

Language: Английский

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The rise of ecological parasitology: twelve landmark advances that changed its history

International Journal for Parasitology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 51(13-14), P. 1073 - 1084

Published: Aug. 11, 2021

Language: Английский

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How to use natural history collections to resurrect information on historical parasite abundances

Journal of Helminthology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 97

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Abstract Many of the most contentious questions that concern ecology helminths could be resolved with data on helminth abundance over past few decades or centuries, but unfortunately these are rare. A new sub-discipline – historical parasitism is resurrecting long-term parasites, an advancement facilitated by use biological natural history collections. Because world's museums hold billions suitable specimens collected more than a century, potential parasitological datasets broad in scope and finely taxonomic, temporal spatial dimensions. Here, we set out best practices for extraction information from collections, including how to conceive project, select specimens, engage curators receive permission proposed projects, standard operating protocols dissections manage data. Our hope other helminthologists will this paper as reference expand their own research programmes along dimension time.

Language: Английский

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