Euodiae Fructus: a review of botany, application, processing, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology, and toxicology

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Jan. 29, 2025

Euodiae Fructus (EF) is the dried and nearly ripe fruit of Euodia rutaecarpa , first recorded in Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic . EF a versatile Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known for effects dispelling colds alleviating pain, suppressing adverse qi to relieve vomiting, boosting yang mitigate diarrhea. However, it should be noted that possesses mild toxicity. In TCM prescriptions, employed treat various ailments, including abdominal diarrhea, chronic non-atrophic gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, primary dysmenorrhea. This review collected literature published before September 2024 on EF. An exhaustive analysis was conducted utilizing multiple sources, namely classic books scientific databases like Web Science, PubMed, Elsevier, ACS, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, National Knowledge Infrastructure. So far, more than 300 metabolites have been extracted identified from EF, exhibiting pharmacological effects, such as cardiovascular protection, gastrointestinal neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, analgesia, anti-tumor, glucose lipid metabolism regulation, etc. It also exhibits diverse toxicological properties poses specific toxic risks liver, heart, kidney. Nonetheless, research scarce regarding toxicology especially its cardiotoxicity nephrotoxicity. Further in-depth necessary explore mechanisms underlying EF’s develop strategies quality control toxicity mitigation. The can reduced by processing, but this aspect rarely discussed, needs further standardized. Evodiamine, rutaecarpine, limonin are effective one causes evodiamine rutaecarpine intensely studied, there few studies other Therefore, paper focuses botanical characteristics, traditional applications, processing methods, phytochemistry, control, pharmacology, We hope provides theoretical basis future high-value high-connotation development

Language: Английский

Identification and Therapeutic Potential of Polymethoxylated Flavones in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for Alzheimer’s Disease: Targeting Neuroinflammation

Molecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(4), P. 771 - 771

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Neuroinflammation is a significant driving force in the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), key lipid-soluble constituents Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), exhibit excellent blood-brain barrier permeability anti-inflammatory properties, holding therapeutic potential for CNS However, specific bioactive components effects PMFs treating disorders are not well understood. This study employed comprehensive sequential metabolism approach to elucidate dynamic biotransformation vivo identified seven brain-targeting components. Subsequently, network pharmacology experimental validation were utilized explore mechanisms PMFs. The results suggested that have value Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like mice, with inhibition neuroinflammation likely being mechanism their anti-AD effects. Notably, sinensetin, tangeretin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone as potent neuroinflammatory inhibitors. research elucidated chemical foundations PMFs, indicating treatments or nutritional supplements AD prevention treatment. Moreover, integrated triad metabolism, pharmacology, may serve promising strategy screening compounds herbs functional foods, elucidating mechanisms.

Language: Английский