Catalysts,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(9), P. 1085 - 1085
Published: Sept. 9, 2021
The
effective
transesterification
process
to
produce
fatty
acid
methyl
esters
(FAME)
requires
the
use
of
low-cost,
less
corrosive,
environmentally
friendly
and
catalysts.
Currently,
worldwide
biodiesel
production
revolves
around
alkaline
acidic
catalysts
employed
in
heterogeneous
homogeneous
phases.
Homogeneous
(soluble
catalysts)
for
FAME
have
been
widespread
a
while,
but
solid
(heterogeneous
are
newer
development
production.
rate
reaction
is
much
increased
when
basic
used,
main
drawback
cost
which
arises
due
separation
from
media
after
product
formation.
A
promising
field
catalytic
heteropoly
acids
(HPAs)
polyoxometalate
compounds.
flexibility
their
structures
super
properties
can
be
enhanced
by
incorporation
anions
into
complex
proton
acids.
This
pseudo
liquid
phase
makes
it
possible
nearly
all
mobile
protons
take
part
catalysis
process.
Carbonaceous
materials
obtained
sulfonation
show
activity
towards
Another
catalyst
used
vanadium
phosphate.
Furthermore,
biocatalysts
receiving
attention
large-scale
lipase
most
common
one
successfully
review
critically
describes
important
current
production,
with
future
directions
use.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
15(17), P. 6352 - 6352
Published: Aug. 31, 2022
Biofuels
are
sustainable
alternatives
to
fossil
fuels
because
of
their
renewable
and
low-cost
raw
materials,
environmentally
friendly
conversion
technologies
low
emissions
upon
combustion.
In
addition,
biofuels
can
also
be
upgraded
enhance
fuel
properties
for
wide
applicability
in
power
infrastructures.
produced
from
a
variety
biomasses
through
thermochemical
biological
processes.
This
article
provides
insights
into
the
fundamental
applied
concepts
methods
such
as
torrefaction,
pyrolysis,
liquefaction,
gasification
transesterification.
It
is
important
understand
physicochemical
attributes
biomass
resources
ascertain
potential
biofuel
production.
Hence,
composition
different
lignocellulosic
feedstocks,
oilseed
crops,
municipal
solid
waste,
food
waste
animal
manure
have
been
discussed.
The
biochar,
bio-oil,
bio-crude
oil,
syngas
biodiesel
described.
concludes
with
an
analysis
strength,
weaknesses,
opportunities
threats
scale-up
applications
commercialization.
Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
69, P. 150 - 163
Published: July 2, 2022
Global
warming
and
fossil
fuel
depletion
have
boosted
the
search
for
alternative
renewable
fuels
with
a
low
environmental
impact.
Biodiesel
exhibits
many
advantages
over
conventional
diesel
including
possibility
of
being
produced
from
sources
such
as
waste
oils
fats.
Specifically,
animal
fats
are
receiving
increased
attention
an
to
vegetable
biodiesel
production.
This
low-cost
feedstock
allows
mitigation
pollution
can
also
improve
features
by
increasing
cetane
number
enhancing
oxidative
stability.
Among
different
technologies
available
production,
supercritical
processes
offer
important
catalytic
transesterification
in
terms
process
efficiency
reaction
time.
According
interest
research
articles
published
this
field
last
years,
work
focuses
on
systematic
review
technology
using
Systematic
Reviews
Meta-Analysis
(PRISMA)
methodology.
describes
state
art
non-catalytic
production
discusses
key
aspects
type
fat
used,
operation
variables
time,
temperature,
solvent
excess,
pressure,
final
properties
synthesized
biodiesel.
