Pathways to the persistence of drug use despite its adverse consequences

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(6), P. 2228 - 2237

Published: March 30, 2023

Abstract The persistence of drug taking despite its adverse consequences plays a central role in the presentation, diagnosis, and impacts addiction. Eventual recognition appraisal these is to decisions reduce or cease use. However, most appropriate ways conceptualizing face remain unclear. Here we review evidence that there are at least three pathways persistent use negative A cognitive pathway for consequences, motivational valuation behavioral responding consequences. These dynamic, not linear, with multiple possible trajectories between them, each sufficient produce persistence. We describe pathways, their characteristics, brain cellular circuit substrates, highlight relevance different self- treatment-guided behavior change.

Language: Английский

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The computational relationship between reinforcement learning, social inference, and paranoia

PLoS Computational Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. e1010326 - e1010326

Published: July 25, 2022

Theoretical accounts suggest heightened uncertainty about the state of world underpin aberrant belief updates, which in turn increase risk developing a persecutory delusion. However, this raises question as to how an agent's may relate precise phenomenology paranoia, opposed other qualitatively different forms belief. We tested whether same population (n = 693) responded similarly non-social and social contingency changes probabilistic reversal learning task modified repeated Dictator game, impact paranoia on both. fitted computational models that included closely related parameters quantified rigidity across reversals environment/partner. Consistent with prior work we show was associated around partner's behavioural policy harmful intent attributions task. In found pre-existing larger decision temperatures commitment suboptimal cards. relationships between temperature priors over beliefs partners Our results converge both classes model, suggesting is general (and agents within it) takes longer resolve, although demonstrate expressed asymmetrically contexts. model data allow representation sociocognitive mechanisms explain delusions provide testable, phenomenologically relevant predictions for causal experiments.

Language: Английский

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Aggressive and psychopathic traits are linked to the acquisition of stable but imprecise hostile expectations

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: June 10, 2023

Abstract Individuals with hostile expectations (HEX) anticipate harm from seemingly neutral or ambiguous stimuli. However, it is unclear how HEX are acquired, and whether specific components of learning can predict antisocial thought, conduct, personality. In an online sample healthy young individuals ( n = 256, 69% women), we administered a virtual shooting task applied computational modelling behaviour to investigate its constellation correlates. acquisition was best explained by hierarchical reinforcement mechanism. Crucially, found that relatively higher self-reported aggressiveness psychopathy developed stronger less accurate beliefs as well larger prediction errors. Moreover, aggressive psychopathic traits were associated more temporally stable hostility representations. Our study thus shows linked the robust yet imprecise through learning.

Language: Английский

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Reviewing explore/exploit decision-making as a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 793 - 815

Published: April 23, 2024

In many everyday decisions, individuals choose between trialling something novel or they know well. Deciding when to try a new option stick with an that is already known you, as the "explore/exploit" dilemma, important feature of cognition characterises range decision-making contexts encountered by humans. Recent evidence has suggested preferences in explore/exploit biases are associated psychopathology, although this typically been examined within individual disorders. The current review whether represents promising transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety. A systematic search academic databases was conducted, yielding total 29 studies. Studies examining psychosis were mostly consistent showing explored more compared without psychosis. literature on anxiety depression heterogenous; some studies found exploration, whereas other demonstrated reduced exploration depression. However, subset employed case-control methods, there both also increased exploration. Due heterogeneity across literature, we suggest insufficient conclude alongside our advisory groups lived experience advisors, context candidate merits further investigation using well-powered, longitudinal designs. Such work should examine choices amenable intervention.

Language: Английский

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Assumed shared belief about conspiracy theories in social networks protects paranoid individuals against distress

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: April 13, 2023

Abstract Paranoia is the belief that others intend you harm. It related to conspiracy theories, wherein those represent an organized faction, coordinating harm against self and others, violating societal norms. Current psychological studies of paranoid theorizing focus either on individual or their broader social network. Likewise, theories formation updating often contain level processes as well interpersonal organizational factors. Here we examine paranoia in terms behavioral predictors (performance a probabilistic reversal learning task which assays updating) sensing: ask participants report features network, including whether friends acquaintances share conspiratorial beliefs. We find people who believe expect more volatility during task. They also assume members network Critically, with larger networks greater assumed shared tend harbor beliefs less emotional distress This evidence that, like political religious beliefs, may flourish under sacred canopy consensus. These data suggest serve sources credulity moving between them sustain when there detraction. hybrid individual/social account shed light clinical persecutory delusion, disability defined normatively, supports are fewer.

Language: Английский

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Relationships between cognitive biases, decision-making, and delusions

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: June 10, 2023

Abstract Multiple measures of decision-making under uncertainty (e.g. jumping to conclusions (JTC), bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE), win-switch behavior, random exploration) have been associated with delusional thinking in independent studies. Yet, it is unknown whether these variables explain shared or unique variance thinking, and relationships are specific paranoia ideation more broadly. Additionally, the underlying computational mechanisms require further investigation. To investigate questions, task self-report data were collected 88 individuals (46 healthy controls, 42 schizophrenia-spectrum) included cognitive biases behavior on probabilistic reversal learning explore/exploit tasks. Of those, only rate significantly differed between groups. In regression, performance, exploration, poor integration during BADE showed significant, associations paranoia. Only self-reported JTC was ideation, controlling for Computational parameters increased proportion explained Overall, influenced by strong volatility variability specifically paranoia, whereas hasty other themes ideation. These aspects may therefore represent distinct processes that, together, potential worsen across psychosis spectrum.

Language: Английский

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Modulation of Motor Vigor by Expectation of Reward Probability Trial-by-Trial Is Preserved in Healthy Ageing and Parkinson's Disease Patients

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 43(10), P. 1757 - 1777

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

Motor improvements, such as faster movement times or increased velocity, have been associated with reward magnitude in deterministic contexts. Yet whether individual inferences on probability influence motor vigor dynamically remains undetermined. We investigated how inferring volatile action-reward contingencies modulated performance trial-by-trial. conducted three studies that coupled a reversal learning paradigm sequence task and used validated hierarchical Bayesian model to fit trial-by-trial data. In Study 1, we tested healthy younger [HYA; 37 (24 females)] older adults [HOA; (17 females)], medicated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients [20 (7 females)]. showed stronger predictions about the tendency of contingency led tempo, commensurate time, basis without robustly modulating reaction time (RT). Using linear mixed models, demonstrated similar invigoration effect tempo HYA, HOA, PD, despite HOA PD being slower than HYA. 2 [HYA, 39 (29 additionally retrospective subjective inference credit assignment did not contribute differences effects. Last, 3 33 (27 revealed explicit beliefs (confidence ratings) Our study is first reveal dynamic updating positively biases through tempo. also provide robust evidence for preserved sensitivity mapping aging PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Navigating world rich uncertainty relies our actions lead reward. Here, environment adults, medication. found an association between expectations speeding movement. provided strength these all groups. Thus, changing relationship their outcome enhanced vigor. This positive bias was compromised by age disease.

Language: Английский

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Aberrant uncertainty processing is linked to psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits, and is reflected in pupil dilation during probabilistic learning

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 905 - 919

Published: March 28, 2023

Aberrant belief updating due to misestimation of uncertainty and an increased perception the world as volatile (i.e., unstable) has been found in autism psychotic disorders. Pupil dilation tracks events that warrant updating, likely reflecting adjustment neural gain. However, whether subclinical autistic or symptoms affect this how they relate learning environments remains be unraveled. We investigated relationship between behavioral pupillometric markers subjective volatility experience unstable), traits, psychotic-like experiences 52 neurotypical adults with a probabilistic reversal task. Computational modeling revealed participants higher scores overestimated low-volatile task periods. This was not case for scoring high on autistic-like who instead showed diminished adaptation choice-switching behavior response risk. Pupillometric data indicated individuals autistic- trait differentiated less those do when high. These findings are line accounts psychosis spectrum disorders indicate aberrancies already present at level.

Language: Английский

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Paranoia: From Passive Social-Threat Perception to Misattunement in Social Interaction

Clinical Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 1262 - 1275

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

Paranoia, defined as the unfounded belief that others intend to cause harm, negatively affects individuals across continuum from healthy pathological. Despite a definition is explicitly social, paranoia often studied an isolated characteristic of person who experiencing it. In current review, we propose study could be advanced by adopting perspective focused on its interactional nature. Specifically, hypothesize aberrant dynamic interaction and/or misattunement between social partners may critical component in formation and maintenance paranoia. We also speculate relationship functioning bidirectional which poor interpersonal both result contributor This approach identify novel mechanisms potential treatment targets.

Language: Английский

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Different learning aberrations relate to delusion-like beliefs with different contents

Brain, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 147(8), P. 2854 - 2866

Published: April 18, 2024

Abstract The prediction error account of delusions has had success. However, its explanation with different contents been lacking. Persecutory and paranoia are the common unfounded beliefs that others have harmful intentions towards us. Other include believing one's thoughts or actions under external control events in world specific personal meaning. We compare learning two cognitive tasks, probabilistic reversal Kamin blocking, relationships to paranoid non-paranoid delusion-like beliefs, respectively. find clinical high-risk status alone does not result behavioural results task but an individual's level is associated excessive switching behaviour. During blocking task, individuals learned inappropriately about blocked cue. they also decreased cue, suggesting more general impairments. Non-paranoid belief conviction (but paranoia) was aberrant cue intact impairments related combination. fit task-specific computational models separately data explore how latent parameters vary within between tasks can explain symptom-specific effects. low rates task. instead controlling degree direction similarity updating during simultaneous presentation. These suggest other involve dissociable deficits updating, which, given transdiagnostic paranoia, might differential utility predicting psychosis.

Language: Английский

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