International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(10), P. 4559 - 4559
Published: May 9, 2025
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common worldwide, is one of deadliest cancers. CRC known as a cold tumor, characterized by low immune response that makes it difficult for cells to infiltrate and exhibits strong resistance immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition. This restricted largely attributed signature gene mutations including mismatch repair (MMR) genes, KRAS, BRAF, APC, TP53, which are also main oncogenes in CRC. Mutated genes continuously upregulate abnormal signaling pathways, leading excessive proliferation, progression, metastasis. Furthermore, reorganizes tumor microenvironment (TME) recruiting immunosuppressive cells. However, mutation can produce neoantigens provoke an response, making potential target immunotherapy. In particular, vaccines leverage neoantigenic properties these considered promising overcoming eliciting anti-tumor responses. this review, we will describe focus on targeting therapies
Language: Английский