Nutrients,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
11(12), P. 2862 - 2862
Published: Nov. 22, 2019
The
human
gut
is
inhabited
by
trillions
of
microorganisms
composing
a
dynamic
ecosystem
implicated
in
health
and
disease.
composition
the
microbiota
unique
to
each
individual
tends
remain
relatively
stable
throughout
life,
yet
daily
transient
fluctuations
are
observed.
Diet
key
modifiable
factor
influencing
microbiota,
indicating
potential
for
therapeutic
dietary
strategies
manipulate
microbial
diversity,
composition,
stability.
While
diet
can
induce
shift
these
changes
appear
be
temporary.
Whether
prolonged
permanent
alterations
unknown,
mainly
due
lack
long-term
interventions,
or
follow-ups
short-term
interventions.
It
possible
that
habitual
diets
have
greater
influence
on
than
acute
strategies.
This
review
presents
current
knowledge
around
response
interventions
identifies
major
factors
contribute
diet.
Overall,
further
research
include
microbiome
measures
required
before
clinical
recommendations
made
modulation
health.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
375(24), P. 2369 - 2379
Published: Dec. 14, 2016
The
large
majority
of
studies
on
the
role
microbiome
in
pathogenesis
disease
are
correlative
and
preclinical;
several
have
influenced
clinical
practice.
Journal of Sleep Research,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
25(2), P. 131 - 143
Published: Jan. 14, 2016
In
the
last
three
decades
two-process
model
of
sleep
regulation
has
served
as
a
major
conceptual
framework
in
research.
It
been
applied
widely
studies
on
fatigue
and
performance
to
dissect
individual
differences
regulation.
The
posits
that
homeostatic
process
(Process
S)
interacts
with
controlled
by
circadian
pacemaker
C),
time-courses
derived
from
physiological
behavioural
variables.
simulates
successfully
timing
intensity
diverse
experimental
protocols.
Electrophysiological
recordings
suprachiasmatic
nuclei
(SCN)
suggest
S
C
interact
continuously.
Oscillators
outside
SCN
are
linked
energy
metabolism
evident
SCN-lesioned
arrhythmic
animals
subjected
restricted
feeding
or
methamphetamine
administration,
well
human
subjects
during
internal
desynchronization.
intact
these
peripheral
oscillators
may
dissociate
central
rhythm.
A
sleep/fast
wake/feed
phase
segregate
antagonistic
anabolic
catabolic
metabolic
processes
tissues.
deficiency
Process
was
proposed
account
for
both
depressive
disturbances
antidepressant
effect
deprivation.
supported
development
novel
non-pharmacological
treatment
paradigms
psychiatry,
based
manipulating
phase,
light
exposure.
conclusion,
remains
conceptually
useful
promoting
integration
rhythm
Sleep
appears
have
not
only
short-term,
use-dependent
function;
it
also
serves
enforce
rest
fasting,
thereby
supporting
optimization
at
appropriate
24-h
cycle.
Science,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
353(6301)
Published: June 25, 2016
Microglia
development
follows
a
stepwise
program
are
cells
that
defend
the
central
nervous
system.
However,
because
they
migrate
into
brain
during
development,
changes
undergo,
including
those
affect
gene
expression,
have
been
difficult
to
document.
Matcovitch-Natan
et
al.
transcriptionally
profiled
expression
and
analyzed
epigenetic
signatures
of
microglia
at
single-cell
level
in
early
postnatal
life
mice.
They
identified
three
stages
which
characterized
by
linked
with
chromatin
changes,
occurring
sync
developing
brain.
Furthermore,
showed
proper
is
affected
microbiome.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
789
Science,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
354(6315), P. 1008 - 1015
Published: Nov. 24, 2016
A
majority
of
mammalian
genes
exhibit
daily
fluctuations
in
expression
levels,
making
circadian
rhythms
the
largest
known
regulatory
network
normal
physiology.
Cell-autonomous
clocks
interact
with
light-dark
and
feeding-fasting
cycles
to
generate
approximately
24-hour
oscillations
function
thousands
genes.
Circadian
secreted
molecules
signaling
components
transmits
timing
information
between
cells
tissues.
Such
intra-
intercellular
optimize
physiology
both
by
managing
energy
use
temporally
segregating
incompatible
processes.
Experimental
animal
models
epidemiological
data
indicate
that
chronic
rhythm
disruption
increases
risk
metabolic
diseases.
Conversely,
time-restricted
feeding,
which
imposes
feeding
fasting
without
caloric
reduction,
sustains
robust
diurnal
can
alleviate
These
findings
highlight
an
integrative
role
offer
a
new
perspective
for
treating
diseases
is
hallmark.
