Long COVID: a review and proposed visualization of the complexity of long COVID

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 20, 2023

Post-Acute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, or Long COVID, is a prevailing second pandemic with nearly 100 million affected individuals globally and counting. We propose visual description the complexity COVID its pathogenesis that can be used by researchers, clinicians, public health officials to guide global effort toward an improved understanding eventual mechanism-based provision care afflicted patients. The proposed visualization framework for should evidence-based, dynamic, modular, systems-level approach condition. Furthermore, further research such could establish strength relationships between pre-existing conditions (or risk factors), biological mechanisms, resulting clinical phenotypes outcomes COVID. Notwithstanding significant contribution disparities in access social determinants have on disease course long our model focuses primarily mechanisms. Accordingly, sets out scientific, clinical, efforts better understand abrogate burden imposed

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic trials for long COVID-19: A call to action from the interventions taskforce of the RECOVER initiative

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 9, 2023

Although most individuals recover from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, a significant number continue to suffer Post-Acute Sequelae of (PASC), including the unexplained symptoms that are frequently referred as long COVID, which could last for weeks, months, or even years after phase illness. The National Institutes Health is currently funding large multi-center research programs part its Researching COVID Enhance Recover (RECOVER) initiative understand why some do not fully COVID-19. Several ongoing pathobiology studies have provided clues potential mechanisms contributing this condition. These include persistence antigen and/or genetic material, immune dysregulation, reactivation other latent viral infections, microvascular dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis, among others. our understanding causes remains incomplete, these early pathophysiologic suggest biological pathways be targeted in therapeutic trials aim ameliorate symptoms. Repurposed medicines novel therapeutics deserve formal testing clinical trial settings prior adoption. While we endorse trials, especially those prioritize inclusion diverse populations affected by COVID-19 discourage off-label experimentation uncontrolled unsupervised settings. Here, review ongoing, planned, future interventions based on current pathobiological processes underlying We focus clinical, pharmacological, feasibility data, with goal informing interventional studies.

Language: Английский

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Molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of astrocytes and microglia

Cell Metabolism, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(4), P. 555 - 570

Published: March 22, 2023

Language: Английский

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Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein-Induced Activation of Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Neuro-COVID

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 688 - 688

Published: Feb. 22, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as “Long-COVID,” characterized by persistent physical mental fatigue. However, exact pathogenetic mechanisms affecting brain are still not well-understood. There is increasing evidence neurovascular inflammation in brain. precise role neuroinflammatory response that contributes severity long COVID pathogenesis clearly understood. Here, we review reports spike protein can cause blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction damage neurons either directly, or via activation mast cells microglia release various molecules. Moreover, provide recent novel flavanol eriodictyol particularly suited for development an effective treatment alone together with oleuropein sulforaphane (ViralProtek®), all which have potent anti-viral anti-inflammatory actions.

Language: Английский

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‘Spikeopathy’: COVID-19 Spike Protein Is Pathogenic, from Both Virus and Vaccine mRNA

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 2287 - 2287

Published: Aug. 17, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic caused much illness, many deaths, and profound disruption to society. production of ‘safe effective’ vaccines was a key public health target. Sadly, unprecedented high rates adverse events have overshadowed the benefits. This two-part narrative review presents evidence for widespread harms novel product mRNA adenovectorDNA is in attempting provide thorough overview arising from new technology that relied on human cells producing foreign antigen has pathogenicity. first paper explores peer-reviewed data counter attached these technologies. Spike protein pathogenicity, termed ‘spikeopathy’, whether SARS-CoV-2 virus or produced by vaccine gene codes, akin ‘synthetic virus’, increasingly understood terms molecular biology pathophysiology. Pharmacokinetic transfection through body tissues distant injection site lipid-nanoparticles viral-vector carriers means ‘spikeopathy’ can affect organs. inflammatory properties nanoparticles used ferry mRNA; N1-methylpseudouridine employed prolong synthetic function; biodistribution DNA codes translated spike proteins, autoimmunity via contribute harmful effects. reviews autoimmune, cardiovascular, neurological, potential oncological effects, autopsy spikeopathy. With gene-based therapeutic technologies planned, re-evaluation necessary timely.

Language: Английский

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