Robot
autonomy
is
an
influential
and
ubiquitous
factor
in
human-robot
interaction
(HRI),
but
it
rarely
discussed
beyond
a
one-dimensional
measure
of
the
degree
to
which
robot
operates
without
human
intervention.
As
robots
become
more
sophisticated,
this
simple
view
could
be
expanded
capture
variety
autonomous
behaviors
can
exhibit
match
rich
literature
on
philosophy,
psychology,
other
fields.
In
paper,
we
conduct
systematic
review
HRI
integrate
with
broader
into
taxonomy
six
distinct
forms
autonomy:
those
based
involvement
at
runtime
(operational
autonomy,
intentional
shared
autonomy),
before
(non-deterministic
expressions
(cognitive
physical
autonomy).
We
discuss
future
considerations
for
that
emerge
from
study,
including
moral
consequences,
idealization
"full"
connections
agency
free
will.
Annual Review of Psychology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
75(1), P. 653 - 675
Published: Sept. 19, 2023
Moral
psychology
was
shaped
around
three
categories
of
agents
and
patients:
humans,
other
animals,
supernatural
beings.
Rapid
progress
in
artificial
intelligence
has
introduced
a
fourth
category
for
our
moral
to
deal
with:
intelligent
machines.
Machines
can
perform
as
agents,
making
decisions
that
affect
the
outcomes
human
patients
or
solving
dilemmas
without
supervision.
be
perceived
patients,
whose
affected
by
decisions,
with
important
consequences
human-machine
cooperation.
proxies
send
their
delegates
interactions
use
disguise
these
interactions.
Here
we
review
experimental
literature
on
machines
proxies,
focus
recent
findings
open
questions
they
suggest.
AI and Ethics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5(1), P. 71 - 80
Published: Jan. 9, 2025
Abstract
As
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
systems
begin
to
take
on
social
roles
traditionally
filled
by
humans,
it
will
be
crucial
understand
how
this
affects
people’s
cooperative
expectations.
In
the
case
of
human–human
dyads,
different
relationships
are
governed
norms:
For
example,
two
strangers—versus
friends
or
colleagues—should
interact
when
faced
with
a
similar
coordination
problem
often
differs.
How
rise
‘social’
(and
ultimately,
superintelligent
AI)
complicate
expectations
about
norms
that
should
govern
types
relationships,
whether
human–AI?
Do
people
expect
AI
adhere
same
dynamics
as
humans
in
given
role?
Conversely,
they
certain
act
more
like
AI?
Here,
we
consider
may
pull
apart
between
and
human–AI
detailing
an
empirical
proposal
for
mapping
these
distinctions
across
relationship
types.
We
see
data
resulting
from
our
relevant
understanding
relationship–specific
age
AI,
which
also
forecast
potential
resistance
towards
occupying
roles.
Finally,
can
form
basis
ethical
evaluations:
What
adopt
interactions,
reinforce
through
responsible
design,
depends
partly
facts
what
find
intuitive
such
interactions
(along
costs
benefits
maintaining
these).
Toward
end
paper,
discuss
relational
change
over
time
implications
proposed
research
program.
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
9(2), P. 1 - 24
Published: May 2, 2025
Robots
and
other
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
systems
are
widely
perceived
as
moral
agents
responsible
for
their
actions.
As
AI
proliferates,
these
perceptions
may
become
entangled
via
the
spillover
of
attitudes
towards
one
to
AIs.
We
tested
how
seemingly
harmful
immoral
actions
an
or
human
agent
spill
over
AIs
humans
in
two
preregistered
experiments.
In
Study
1
(
N
=
720),
we
established
effect
human-AI
interaction
by
showing
that
increased
attributions
negative
agency
(i.e.,
acting
immorally)
decreased
positive
morally)
patiency
deserving
concern)
both
(a
chatbot
assistant)
group
which
they
belong
(all
assistants).
There
was
no
significant
difference
effects
between
contexts.
2
684),
whether
persisted
when
individuated
with
a
name
described
human,
rather
than
specifically
personal
assistant.
found
context
but
not
context,
possibly
because
were
more
homogeneous
due
outgroup
status
relative
humans.
This
asymmetry
suggests
double
standard
whereby
judged
harshly
morally
transgresses.
With
proliferation
diverse,
autonomous
systems,
HCI
research
design
should
account
fact
experiences
could
easily
generalize
all
outcomes,
such
reduced
trust.
AI and Ethics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4(2), P. 213 - 228
Published: Jan. 25, 2023
Abstract
What
criteria
must
an
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
satisfy
to
qualify
for
moral
standing?
My
starting
point
is
that
sentient
AIs
should
standing.
But
future
may
have
unusual
combinations
of
cognitive
capacities,
such
as
a
high
level
sophistication
without
sentience.
This
raises
the
question
whether
sentience
necessary
criterion
standing,
or
merely
sufficient.
After
reviewing
nine
been
proposed
in
literature,
I
suggest
there
strong
case
thinking
some
non-sentient
AIs,
those
are
conscious
and
non-valenced
preferences
goals,
non-conscious
sufficiently
cognitively
complex
responding
challenges,
tentatively
argue
taking
into
account
uncertainty
about
which
entity
strategic
considerations
how
decisions
will
affect
humans
other
entities,
further
supports
granting
standing
AIs.
highlight
three
implications:
issue
AI
be
more
important,
terms
scale
urgency,
than
if
either
consciousness
necessary;
researchers
working
on
policies
designed
inclusive
broaden
their
scope
include
all
with
morally
relevant
interests;
even
who
think
cannot
take
seriously.
However,
much
these
remains,
making
this
important
topic
research.
Current Directions in Psychological Science,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
33(1), P. 27 - 34
Published: Nov. 30, 2023
Artificial
intelligences
(AIs),
although
often
perceived
as
mere
tools,
have
increasingly
advanced
cognitive
and
social
capacities.
In
response,
psychologists
are
studying
people’s
perceptions
of
AIs
moral
agents
(entities
that
can
do
right
wrong)
patients
be
targets
wrong
actions).
This
article
reviews
the
extent
to
which
people
see
how
they
feel
about
such
AIs.
We
also
examine
characteristics
ourselves
affect
attributions
agency
patiency.
find
multiple
factors
contribute
patiency
in
AIs,
some
overlap
with
morality
humans
(e.g.,
mind
perception)
unique
sci-fi
fan
identity).
identify
several
future
directions,
including
latest
generation
chatbots
likely
more
being
rapidly
developed.
Heliyon,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
9(9), P. e20111 - e20111
Published: Sept. 1, 2023
As
the
world's
aging
population
increases,
leveraging
technology
to
support
is
proving
advantageous.
Notably,
adoption
studies
among
older
adults
have
received
increasing
scholarly
attention,
but
findings
from
these
do
not
reflect
context
of
low-income
adults.
Studies
focusing
on
were
relatively
few
and
it
remains
unclear
which
factors
influence
this
group's
use.
This
systematic
review
aims
synthesize
influencing
use
provide
directions
opportunities
for
future
research
in
information
systems.
Observing
literature
through
lens
Social
Cognitive
Theory,
we
identified
avenues
further
integrated
framework
with
Maslow's
hierarchy
needs
elucidate
phenomenon.
Findings
suggest
that
both
personal
environmental
factors,
such
as
cognitions,
affects,
sociodemographic
characteristics,
technological
social
environment
are
significant
predictors
Specifically,
related
accessibility
affordability,
income,
perceived
cost,
salient
a
resource-limited
setting.
More
importantly,
usage
behavior
embeddedness
fundamental
human
plays
central
role
underlying
segment.
However,
more
needed
understand
interaction
between
person,
determinant
shaping
diverse
economic
cultural
study
also
sheds
light
disciplinary
gaps
lack
investigations
anchored
theoretical
foundations,
suggests
implications
practice.
