Nationwide investigation on organophosphate esters and di-esters in raw grains from China: Distribution, sources, and implications for risk assessment DOI Creative Commons
Minmin Hou, Yichun Wang, Hao Ding

et al.

Environment International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109437 - 109437

Published: April 1, 2025

Studies on dietary exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) are limited, especially regarding di-OPEs their presence in raw grains, which fundamental staples of the human diet. In this study, 18 OPEs 8 were measured 289 grain samples from 13 major grain-producing regions China belonging four types: wheat, rice, maize, soybean. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) tris(2-ethylhexyl) (TEHP) dominant OPEs, while bis(2-ethylhexyl) (BEHP) was main di-OPE. The highest concentrations both ∑OPEs ∑di-OPEs observed soybean (median: 14.9 1.87 ng/g, respectively), followed by wheat (4.79 1.69 ng/g), maize (2.63 1.10 rice (2.37 0.726 ng/g). regional distribution relatively homogeneous. significantly higher Sichuan Shandong provinces, whereas spatial patterns differed, suggesting separate sources for di-OPEs. Soil type, straw turnover, pesticide use could affect TEHP, tri(2-chloroethyl) (TCEP), triethyl (TEP) respectively. Except TEHP tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) (TDCPP), whose similar polished other accounted only 1.9-36 % those reported previously, indicating industrial processing as source these marketed grains. estimated daily intake through consumption 25.0-40.4 ng/kg bw/d 7.55-11.7 bw/d, respectively, primarily contributed than dust ingestion drinking water, that is exposure. Di-OPEs directly ingested grains derived metabolism parent implying estimating OPE based internal di-OPE levels inaccurate warrants further research.

Language: Английский

Nationwide investigation on organophosphate esters and di-esters in raw grains from China: Distribution, sources, and implications for risk assessment DOI Creative Commons
Minmin Hou, Yichun Wang, Hao Ding

et al.

Environment International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109437 - 109437

Published: April 1, 2025

Studies on dietary exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) are limited, especially regarding di-OPEs their presence in raw grains, which fundamental staples of the human diet. In this study, 18 OPEs 8 were measured 289 grain samples from 13 major grain-producing regions China belonging four types: wheat, rice, maize, soybean. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) tris(2-ethylhexyl) (TEHP) dominant OPEs, while bis(2-ethylhexyl) (BEHP) was main di-OPE. The highest concentrations both ∑OPEs ∑di-OPEs observed soybean (median: 14.9 1.87 ng/g, respectively), followed by wheat (4.79 1.69 ng/g), maize (2.63 1.10 rice (2.37 0.726 ng/g). regional distribution relatively homogeneous. significantly higher Sichuan Shandong provinces, whereas spatial patterns differed, suggesting separate sources for di-OPEs. Soil type, straw turnover, pesticide use could affect TEHP, tri(2-chloroethyl) (TCEP), triethyl (TEP) respectively. Except TEHP tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) (TDCPP), whose similar polished other accounted only 1.9-36 % those reported previously, indicating industrial processing as source these marketed grains. estimated daily intake through consumption 25.0-40.4 ng/kg bw/d 7.55-11.7 bw/d, respectively, primarily contributed than dust ingestion drinking water, that is exposure. Di-OPEs directly ingested grains derived metabolism parent implying estimating OPE based internal di-OPE levels inaccurate warrants further research.

Language: Английский

Citations

0