Knowledge-Based Engineering and Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(3), P. 83 - 101

Published: Dec. 31, 2024

One specific advantage of using palmitic acid (PA) in biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esther, FAME) production is its availability and high cetane number. To produce FAME, the methodological steps followed this study involved sourcing preparation doum palm shell (DPS), carbonization sulfonation biochar, subsequent esterification PA while DPS serves as catalyst. The objectives are to systematically explore catalytic potential optimize conversion by varying some process parameters, including methanol/oil ratio (8:1 12:1), reaction time (60-180 min) catalyst load (1-5 wt.%). Ab initio, a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy prepared char revealed presence sulfonic groups crucial for enhancing acidic nature activity catalyst, well carbonyl which facilitates reaction. A sister characterization method known Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) suggest that biomass has moderately rough surface with substantial peaks valleys, enhance FAME conversion. Later on, several statistical metrics, 3D plot, contour lines, fitted plot quadratic model relating 3 factors response, helped selection optimal combination. Under 100% desirability corresponding 97.83% conversion, Design Expert 7.0.0 points 4.24 wt.%, 10.57:1 126.67 min combinations load, methanol-oil time, respectively, also line validated experimental efficiency 98.01%. Based on aforementioned meritorious properties used, better oxidative stability, lower levels polyunsaturated fatty acids, longer shelf life improved performance diesel engines, expected.

Language: Английский