How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 31(3), P. R143 - R159

Published: Feb. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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The mechanics of plant morphogenesis

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379(6631)

Published: Feb. 2, 2023

Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages addressing this problem because their do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis computational modeling show how interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, tissue levels generate plant shapes. Genes can modify properties stresses at each level, though values pattern differ one level next. The dynamic network provides elastic resistance while allowing growth fiber sliding, enables morphogenesis maintaining strength.

Language: Английский

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A WOX/Auxin Biosynthesis Module Controls Growth to Shape Leaf Form

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 30(24), P. 4857 - 4868.e6

Published: Oct. 8, 2020

A key challenge in biology is to understand how the regional control of cell growth gives rise final organ forms. Plant leaves must coordinate along both proximodistal and mediolateral axes produce their shape. However, cell-level mechanisms controlling this coordination remain largely unclear. Here, we show that, A. thaliana, WOX5, one WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family homeobox genes, acts redundantly with WOX1 WOX3 (PRESSED FLOWER [PRS]) leaf Through genetics hormone measurements, find that these WOXs act part through YUCCA (YUC) auxin biosynthetic gene expression margin. The requirement for WOX-mediated YUC patterning shape cannot be bypassed by epidermal YUC, indicating precise domain biosynthesis important form. Using time-lapse analysis, demonstrate organizes a gradient promotes lateral consequently characteristic ellipsoid thaliana We also provide evidence WOX proteins differentiation inhibiting proximally blade promoting it distally. This regulation allows sustained enables attain its In conclusion, WOX/auxin regulatory module shapes form coordinating axes.

Language: Английский

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Fluctuations shape plants through proprioception

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 372(6540)

Published: April 22, 2021

Plants constantly experience fluctuating internal and external mechanical cues, ranging from nanoscale deformation of wall components, cell growth variability, nutating stems, fluttering leaves to stem flexion under tree weight wind drag. Developing plants use such fluctuations monitor channel their own shape through a form proprioception. Fluctuations in cues may also be actively enhanced, producing oscillating behaviors tissues. For example, proprioception leaf nastic movements promote organ flattening. We propose that fluctuation-enhanced allows plant organs sense shapes behave like active materials with adaptable outputs face variable environments, whether or external. Because certain are more amenable fluctuations, help reach self-organized criticality support adaptability.

Language: Английский

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From genes to networks: The genetic control of leaf development

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 63(7), P. 1181 - 1196

Published: Feb. 22, 2021

Substantial diversity exists for both the size and shape of leaf, main photosynthetic organ flowering plants. The two major forms leaf are simple leaves, in which blade is undivided, compound comprise several leaflets. Leaves form at shoot apical meristem from a group undifferentiated cells, first establish polarity, then grow differentiate. Each these processes controlled by combination transcriptional regulators, microRNAs phytohormones. present review documents recent advances our understanding how various factors modulate development leaves (focusing mainly on model plant Arabidopsis thaliana) legume species Medicago truncatula).

Language: Английский

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Cytoskeletal regulation of primary plant cell wall assembly

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 31(10), P. R681 - R695

Published: May 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Genomic analyses provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Dec. 13, 2021

Abstract Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and resequencing 305 cultivated wild accessions. Reconstruction ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial rearrangements in after its divergence from Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content genome. Population genomic analyses provide insights into genetic diversity population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps are identified, some which important (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting flowering), demonstrating role artificial selection shaping phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only evolution domestication but also valuable resources facilitating breeding.

Language: Английский

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Root twisting drives halotropism via stress-induced microtubule reorientation

Developmental Cell, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 57(20), P. 2412 - 2425.e6

Published: Oct. 1, 2022

Language: Английский

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Revisiting the relationship between turgor pressure and plant cell growth

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 238(1), P. 62 - 69

Published: Dec. 17, 2022

Growth is central to plant morphogenesis. Plant cells are encased in rigid cell walls, and they must overcome physical confinement grow specific sizes shapes. Cell wall tension turgor pressure the main mechanical components impacting growth. mechanics has been focus of most biomechanical studies, was often considered as a constant largely passive component. Nevertheless, it increasingly accepted that plays significant role Numerous theoretical experimental studies suggest can be both spatially inhomogeneous actively modulated during Here, we revisit pressure-growth relationship by reviewing recent advances investigating interactions between cellular/tissular

Language: Английский

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Tethering of cellulose synthase to microtubules dampens mechano-induced cytoskeletal organization in Arabidopsis pavement cells

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(9), P. 1064 - 1073

Published: Aug. 18, 2022

Mechanical forces control development in plants and animals, acting as cues pattern formation the driving force of morphogenesis. In mammalian cells, molecular assemblies residing at interface cell membrane extracellular matrix play an important role perceiving transmitting external mechanical signals to trigger physiological responses. Similar processes occur plants, but there is little understanding mechanisms their genetic basis. Here, we show that number movement directions cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) plasma vary during initial stages cotyledon epidermis Arabidopsis, closely mirroring microtubule organization. Uncoupling microtubules CSCs resulted enhanced co-alignment caused by stimuli driven either shape or tissue-scale physical perturbations. Furthermore, micromechanical perturbation depletion from membrane, suggesting a possible link between removal response stimuli. Taken together, our results suggest interaction with cortical forms continuum wall, cytoskeleton modulates mechano-response cytoskeleton.

Language: Английский

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