Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 373 - 385

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Impulsivity and compulsivity are the defining features of various psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive–compulsive behavioral substance addictions. Once thought to be diametrically opposed, impulsivity increasingly recognized as orthogonal symptom dimensions that linked by shared neurobiological mechanisms. This chapter selectively reviews from a transdiagnostic perspective. It begins discussing neurobiology relationship these constructs addictive disorders. The then discusses clinical specific compulsive impulsive disorders (as well gambling putative addiction), with focus on comorbidity treatment. complex interrelationships among compulsive, impulsive, have implications for how assessed treated.

Language: Английский

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Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 136 - 151

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

In the past few decades, notion of what constitutes addictive behavior has expanded to include nonsubstance-related behaviors. The World Health Organization recently recognized gambling and gaming disorders as behaviors, there been support in field compulsive sexual behaviors well. Considerable for reclassification these from impulse-control come studies showing neurobiological similarities with substance use disorders. Behavioral addictions have found similar correlates each other on multiple levels analysis such alterations availability receptors mesolimbic pathways, amplitudes cue-induced late potentials, frontostriatal activity during reward-based tasks. implicated neuropathological features inclusion nonsubstance

Language: Английский

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Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 152 - 170

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Several decades of basic research support the neural basis multiple memory systems. These systems are highly relevant to all health behaviors, since behaviors learned from experience and require some form process retain learning affect subsequent action. Research on neuroscience appetitive has rigorously studied motivational processes involved in such as drug use, diet, sex. However, very little this otherwise stellar attempted integrate its findings with system views that acknowledge wide range effects uncovered several areas. Further, good explanatory theories mostly addiction animal have not yet been integrated vast knowledge base human cognitive science. Moreover, most epidemiology, prevention, or treatment problems behavior taken into account these instead focused methods derived primarily survey research. Yet, areas science study behavior, prevailing focus prevention concepts may be channeled by training investigators disciplinary history. This chapter provides one example how disparate literatures might advance our understanding class derive new possibilities for intervention. It highlights examples key supporting need a greater translational effort but also large gaps knowledge. Future filling others void between compelling domains could substantially change addictions habit-forming behaviors.

Language: Английский

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Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 362 - 372

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Skin cancer is a major public health issue with global rates of disease steadily on the rise. Intentional tanning behaviors, including sunbathing and indoor tanning, are high-risk practices strongly associated an increased risk skin cancer. Despite known risks, both outdoor remain popular, particularly among young adult non-Hispanic white women. While all increases cancer, in subset those who tan behavior becomes frequent excessive, addiction-like properties. "Tanning addiction" thus characteristics other addictions such as craving for behavior, reinforcing effect, inability to quit, resulting adverse consequences related behavior. Motivations driving addiction may stem from psychological factors appearance norms physiologic effects exposure ultraviolet light brain reward pathways influencing mood. In this chapter we present concept addiction, reviewing its definition, measurement, prevalence population, outlining empirical evidence behavioral biological drivers addiction. The implications research, suggest, warrants greater attention emerging necessitates development effective prevention treatment interventions at addictive tanning.

Language: Английский

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Food versus Eating Addictions

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 340 - 351

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Evidence for the idea that some individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods has grown in past decade. Food addiction parallels substance use disorders suggest highly processed (e.g., chocolate, French fries) exhibit addictive potential and trigger responses vulnerable individuals. An opposing conceptualization of eating was recently developed, suggesting behavioral act be rather than foods. However, arguments a do not consider central role behaviors within are supported by preliminary research demonstrating directly contribute phenotype. The primary goal this chapter is argue substance-based, food framework most appropriate reflection current state literature more closely scientific understanding disorders. Specifically, will review theoretical debates between versus perspectives, raise concerns about discrepancies existing addictions, assessment tools addiction. Finally, implications stigma, intervention, future discussed.

Language: Английский

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Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 12 - 22

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Addictive disorders effect millions of people and have an economic impact that continues to grow each year. Although research is making headway in dealing with addictive substances behavioral disorders, finding underlying mechanisms span across less common. Behavioral economics one continually developing refining tool researchers been using as a means understand addictions. The first, most researched area delay discounting (DD), which the subjective devaluation reward function time receiving it. Researchers use DD evaluate choice how underlies decision making; yet, they still debate whether rates are stable or change over time. Probability (PD) another piece puzzle. Commonly used gambling disorder research, PD evaluates involving chance reinforcer, opposed final major demand. This looks at amount effort resources organism willing expend access reinforcer. In this chapter these areas will be further explored understood through lens whole.

Language: Английский

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Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 271 - 279

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by excessive shopping of unneeded or unwanted items that leads to distress impairment. The classification compulsive remains elusive. Some researchers suggest it should be grouped with behavioral addictions, while others have linked mood and obsessive-compulsive disorders. CBD relatively common, prevalence rates in general population varying from 2 percent 8 across different countries. Age onset typically coincides the age at which people first establish credit accounts emancipation home. It shares similar clinical characteristics classical addictive disorders including preoccupation, craving, loss control negative consequences shopping. tends run families associated significant psychiatric comorbidity, particularly anxiety disorders, substance use eating other impulse control. Little known about neurobiological genetic mechanisms underlying CBD, nor there standard treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy promising, medication studies been disappointing. Future research on target etiologic both psychological pharmacological treatments. Beyond treatment, educational (i.e., learning new coping skills, media literacy instruction) public policy efforts, as well parental modeling appropriate behavior, could beneficial those CBD.

Language: Английский

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Precision Behavioral Management (PBM): A Novel Genetically Guided Therapy to Combat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Relevant to the Opiate Crisis

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 297 - 306

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) is an umbrella term for all drug and nondrug addictive behaviors, due to a dopamine deficiency, "hypodopaminergia." There opioid-overdose epidemic in the USA, which may result or worsen RDS. A paradigm shift needed combat system that not working. This involves recognition of homeostasis as ultimate treatment RDS via precision, genetically guided KB220 variants, called Precision Behavioral Management (PBM). Recognition endophenotype future DSM 6, following Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), would assist shifting this paradigm.

Language: Английский

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Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 230 - 240

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

This chapter reviews current research related to prevention, early interventions, and treatment strategies for "food addiction." However, the paucity of directly relevant investigation resulted in necessity broaden focus include studies area general addiction disorders, those targeting compulsive overeating chronic weight gain. Included are discussions school-based interventions aimed at reducing caloric intake, such as taxation on sweetened-beverage consumption, increased availability fruits vegetables cafeteria menus. Consideration is also extended about efficacy public health policies regulatory agencies consumption highly foods population level – based evidence their addictive properties. approach past that increasing prices decreasing ease access has reduced use other substances nicotine. Applied foods, this may indicate implementing taxes sugary candy soda aid consumption. Regarding treatment, although more focused still needed, perhaps most promising evidence-based occur field cognitive which target hedonic overeating. These approaches mostly theory driven mesh with an experimental-medicine toward intervention development. It was concluded future should carefully assess possible moderating effects prevention/intervention approaches, including individual differences sex/gender, personality traits impulsivity, varying patterns In addition, it would behoove researchers standardized control groups order understand better theoretical bases treatments have been developed.

Language: Английский

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Neurobiology of Substance Addictions

Cambridge University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 121 - 135

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

Earlier neurobiological models of substance addictions proposed that addiction is the product an imbalance between two separate, but interacting, neural systems: (1) impulsive and amygdala-striatum dependent system promotes automatic habitual behaviors, (2) a "reflective" prefrontal cortex for decision-making, forecasting future consequences behavior, inhibitory control. These reflective systems are analogous to Daniel Kahneman's model System I II thinking, or Behavioral Activation (BAS) Inhibition (BIS). Here, controls through several distinct mechanisms regulate impulses. However, this control not absolute – hyperactivity within can override system. Most prior research has focused either on (especially ventral striatum its mesolimbic dopamine projections) as mechanism promoting motivation drive seek drugs, (prefrontal cortex) decision-making impulse More recent evidence suggests largely overlooked structure, insula, also plays key role in maintaining (craving). Hence, triadic incorporates these three associated with archetypal behaviors addiction: craving, procure drug, poor lack control, deficits self-regulation.

Language: Английский

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