Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 14(22), P. 5115 - 5142

Published: Nov. 17, 2017

Abstract. Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of character implications interactions between trees soil CZ, propose nine hypotheses can be tested at diverse settings. The are roughly divided into those about architecture (building) water (plumbing) but two functions intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many listed below may appear obviously true or false. (1) Tree roots only physically penetrate biogeochemically comminute immobile substrate underlying mobile where is fractured pre-weathered. (2) In settings thickness weathered material, H, large, primarily shape CZ through biogeochemical reactions within rooting zone. (3) forested uplands, soil, h, evolve toward a steady state because feedbacks related to root disruption tree throw. (4) h ≪ H rates uplift erosion low, uptake phosphorus buffered by fine-grained fraction ultimate source this dust. (5) limited availability, maintain highest length density functional depths extracted over growing season with least amount energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow majority their growth-limiting resource abundant, they also other forage for resources hydraulically redistribute taken up more efficiently. (7) rely matrix unsaturated times have an isotopic composition distinct from gravity-drained transits hillslope groundwater streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi use directly, accessing it indirectly fungi. (9) Even well above valley floor catchment directly affect stream chemistry changes permeability near promote intermittent zones saturation downslope flow stream. By testing these hypotheses, will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights advance science.

Language: Английский

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A morphological approach for kinetic façade design process to improve visual and thermal comfort: Review

Building and Environment, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 153, P. 186 - 204

Published: March 2, 2019

Visual and thermal comfort for occupants significantly depend on exterior environmental climatic conditions, which are continuously changing. In particular, optimizing visual simultaneously is a difficult topic due to mutual conflicts between them. This literature review article studies the façade, as complex interface inside of buildings outside that has capability function protective or regulatory element against severe fluctuations external climate. Six interrelated subjects studied including kinetic biomimicry, building form microclimate modifier, energy efficiency, condition, parametric design thinking. The process answers following research questions: (1) what interdisciplinary corresponding façade creating an innovative architectural process? (2) What most important factor in with aim improve occupants' based multidisciplinary investigation? Many been carried out about concepts strategies, principles, criteria. However, proposing relatively rare. Also, adaptive daylight daily solar geometry variation highly required. Therefore, generative-parametric quick finding method responding different climates would be solution providing more adaptability dynamic daylight. study aims propose have occupant & by controlling on-site renewable resources consist radiation wind. Façade only building, far from literal historical perceptions, recognized intrinsic functional attributes complexity, heterogeneity multidisciplinary. Moreover, impact individually aggregately regard scenario changed perception elegant fashionable state practical element.

Language: Английский

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Root Reinforcement in Slope Stability Models: A Review

Geosciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 212 - 212

Published: May 13, 2021

The influence of vegetation on mechanical and hydrological soil behavior represents a significant factor to be considered in shallow landslides modelling. Among the multiple effects exerted by vegetation, root reinforcement is widely recognized as one most relevant for slope stability. Lately, literature has been greatly enriched novel research this phenomenon. To investigate which aspects have treated, results obtained require further attention, we reviewed papers published during period 2015–2020 dealing with reinforcement. This paper—after introducing main stability, recalling studies reference—provides synthesis contributions subtopics: (i) approaches estimating distribution at regional scale; (ii) new stability models, including (iii) particular plant species, forest management, structure, wildfires moisture gradient Including analysis resulted topic receiving growing particularly Europe; addition, interests are also emerging Asia. Despite recent advances, into models still challenge, because its high spatial temporal variability: only few applications reported about areas hundreds square kilometers. promising necessary future directions include study wildfire controls strength, these not fully integrated

Language: Английский

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Subsurface plant‐accessible water in mountain ecosystems with a Mediterranean climate

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 5(3)

Published: Feb. 15, 2018

Enhanced understanding of subsurface water storage will improve prediction future impacts climate change, including drought, forest mortality, wildland fire, and strained security. Previous research has examined the importance plant‐accessible in soil, but upland landscapes within Mediterranean climates, soil often accounts for only a fraction storage. We draw insights from previous case study Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory to define attributes storage; review observed patterns their distribution; highlight nested methods estimating them across scales; showcase fundamental processes controlling formation. observations that how ecosystems subsist on lasting stores during summer dry period multiyear droughts. The data suggest trees these are rooted deeply weathered, highly porous saprolite or saprock, which reaches up 10–20 m beneath surface. This confirms system harbors large volumes shows they vital supporting ecosystem through season extended enhances deep identifies key remaining challenges predicting managing response land use change mountain Nevada other climates worldwide. article is categorized under: Science Water > Hydrological Processes Extremes Life Nature Freshwater Ecosystems

Language: Английский

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The impacts of land plant evolution on Earth's climate and oxygenation state – An interdisciplinary review

Chemical Geology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 547, P. 119665 - 119665

Published: May 13, 2020

The Paleozoic emergence of terrestrial plants has been linked to a stepwise increase in Earth's O2 levels and cooling climate by drawdown atmospheric CO2. Vegetation affects the CO2 multiple ways, including preferential organic carbon preservation decay-resistant biopolymers (e.g. lignin) changing continental weathering regime that governs oceanic nutrient supply marine biological production. Over shorter time scales (≤1 Myr), land plant evolution is hypothesized have occasionally enhanced P fertilized oceans, expanding anoxia causing extinctions. Oceanic would eventually become limited uptake as oxygen accumulates atmosphere surface oceans when excess buried sediments. Here, we review hypotheses evidence for how evolving ecosystems impacted from Ordovician into Carboniferous (485–298.9 Ma). Five major ecological stages realm occurred during prolonged interval was colonized plants, animals fungi, marked 1) non-vascular 2) vascular with lignified tissue, 3) shallow roots, 4) arborescent perennial vegetation deep complex root systems, 5) seed plants. prediction profoundly Earth system justified, although it still debated individual transitions affected levels. geological record preserves lines indirect environmental can help us reconstruct quantify global controls on oxygenation state.

Language: Английский

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Critical Zone Structure Under a Granite Ridge Inferred From Drilling and Three‐Dimensional Seismic Refraction Data

Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 123(6), P. 1317 - 1343

Published: May 18, 2018

Abstract Observing the critical zone (CZ) below top few meters of readily excavated soil is challenging yet crucial to understanding Earth surface processes. Near‐surface geophysical methods can overcome this challenge by imaging CZ in three dimensions (3‐D) over hundreds meters, thus revealing lateral heterogeneity subsurface properties across scales relevant hillslope erosion, weathering, and biogeochemical cycling. We imaged under a soil‐mantled ridge developed granitic terrain Laramie Range, Wyoming, using data from five boreholes 3‐D volume (970 600 80 m) seismic velocities generated ordinary kriging 25 two‐dimensional refraction transects. The observed structure broadly matches predictions two recently proposed hypotheses: uppermost weathered bedrock consistent with weathering driven drainage topography defining unweathered protolith fracturing predicted topographic regional stresses. In contrast, differences slope aspect along are too subtle explain variations regolith structure. Our observations suggest that multiple processes, each which may dominate at different depths, work concert regulate deep

Language: Английский

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Embracing the dynamic nature of soil structure: A paradigm illuminating the role of life in critical zones of the Anthropocene

Earth-Science Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 225, P. 103873 - 103873

Published: Nov. 26, 2021

Language: Английский

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Biogeomorphology: Past, present and future

Geomorphology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 366, P. 106809 - 106809

Published: July 2, 2019

Language: Английский

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A review of the nature, role and control of lithobionts on stone cultural heritage: weighing-up and managing biodeterioration and bioprotection

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 36(7)

Published: July 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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RUSSELL REVIEW Are plant roots only “in” soil or are they “of” it? Roots, soil formation and function

European Journal of Soil Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 73(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Abstract Roots are near‐ubiquitous components of soils globally but have often been regarded as separate from the soil rather than a substantial factor in determining what is and how it functions. The start rapid formation commenced about 400 million years ago with emergence vascular plants evolution roots associated microbes. microorganisms contribute significantly to by altering rocks minerals through variety biogeochemical processes supply carbon depth that can long residence times. Living root inputs via rhizodeposits more efficient shoot litter forming slow‐cycling, mineral‐associated organic pools. current functionality providing food fuel fibres, supplying plant nutrients, filtering water flood regulation, disease suppression all dependent on activities roots. actively communicating collaborating other organisms for mutual benefit, signals underlying this modulation rhizosphere microbiome being identified. In review I examine (an organ not an organism) affect function conclude that, several perspectives, just “in” “of” definitions should recognise this. A possible definition is: “Soils altered surficial rock or sediment, composed matter, minerals, fluids, whose influenced weathering interactions these roots.” Highlights Paleoclimatic paleosoil research shows key role mycorrhiza formation. Deep living contributors long‐term C storage. Root/microbe signalling facilitates mutualistic symbioses, nutrient uptake suppression. Definitions explicitly include important component system.

Language: Английский

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