The
knowledge
of
crop
evapotranspiration
is
crucial
for
several
hydrological
processes,
including
those
related
to
the
management
agricultural
water
sources.
In
particular,
estimations
actual
fluxes
within
fields
are
essential
managing
irrigation
strategies
save
and
preserve
resources.
Among
indirect
methods
estimate
evapotranspiration,
ETa,
eddy
covariance
(EC)
method
allows
acquire
continuous
measurement
latent
heat
flux
(LE).
However,
time
series
EC
measurements
sometimes
characterized
by
a
lack
data
due
sensors'
malfunctions.
At
this
aim,
Machine
Learning
(ML)
techniques
could
represent
powerful
tool
fill
possible
gaps
in
series.
paper,
ML
technique
was
applied
using
Gaussian
Process
Regression
(GPR)
algorithm
daily
evapotranspiration.The
tested
six
different
plots,
two
Italy,
three
United
States
America,
one
Canada,
with
crops
climatic
conditions
order
consider
suitability
model
various
contexts.
For
each
site,
climate
variables
were
not
same,
therefore,
performance
investigated
on
basis
available
information.
Initially,
comparison
ground
reanalysis
data,
where
both
databases
available,
between
satellite
products,
when
have
been
conducted.
Then,
GPR
tested.
mean
functions
set
considering
database
variables,
soil
status
measurements,
remotely
sensed
vegetation
indices.
five
combinations
analyzed
verify
approach
limited
input
or
weather
replaced
data.
Cross-validation
used
assess
procedure.
performances
assessed
based
statistical
indicators:
Root
Mean
Square
Error
(RMSE),
coefficient
determination
(R2),
Absolute
(MAE),
regression
(b),
Nash-Sutcliffe
efficiency
(NSE).
quite
high
Nash
Sutcliffe
Efficiency
(NSE)
coefficient,
root
square
error
(RMSE)
low
values
confirm
proposed
algorithm.
Agricultural Water Management,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
296, P. 108807 - 108807
Published: April 2, 2024
The
reference
evapotranspiration
(ETo)
is
a
key
parameter
in
achieving
sustainable
use
of
agricultural
water
resources.
To
accurately
acquire
ETo
under
limited
conditions,
this
study
combined
the
northern
goshawk
optimization
algorithm
(NGO)
with
extreme
gradient
boosting
(XGBoost)
model
to
propose
novel
NGO-XGBoost
model.
performance
was
evaluated
using
meteorological
data
from
30
stations
North
China
Plain
and
compared
XGBoost,
random
forest
(RF),
k
nearest
neighbor
(KNN)
models.
An
ensemble
embedded
feature
selection
(EEFS)
method
results
RF,
adaptive
(AdaBoost),
categorical
(CatBoost)
models
used
obtain
importance
factors
estimating
ETo,
thereby
determine
optimal
combination
inputs
indicated
that
by
top
3,
4,
5
important
as
input
combinations,
all
achieved
high
estimation
accuracy.
It
worth
noting
there
were
significant
spatial
differences
precisions
four
models,
but
exhibited
consistently
precisions,
global
indicator
(GPI)
rankings
1st,
range
coefficient
determination
(R2),
nash
efficiency
(NSE),
root
mean
square
error
(RMSE),
absolute
(MAE)
bias
(MBE)
0.920–0.998,
0.902–0.998,
0.078–0.623
mm
d−1,
0.058–0.430
−0.254–0.062
respectively.
Furthermore,
accuracy
varied
across
different
seasons,
which
more
significantly
affected
humidity
wind
speed
winter.
When
target
station
insufficient,
trained
historical
neighboring
still
maintained
precision.
Overall,
recommends
reliable
for
provides
calculating
absence
data.
Remote Sensing,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(5), P. 730 - 730
Published: Feb. 20, 2024
The
accurate
prediction
of
cropland
evapotranspiration
(ET)
is
utmost
importance
for
effective
irrigation
and
optimal
water
resource
management.
To
evaluate
the
feasibility
accuracy
ET
estimation
in
various
climatic
conditions
using
machine
learning
models,
three-,
six-,
nine-factor
combinations
(V3,
V6,
V9)
were
examined
based
on
data
obtained
from
global
eddy
flux
sites
Moderate
Resolution
Imaging
Spectroradiometer
(MODIS)
remote
sensing
data.
Four
random
forest
(RF),
support
vector
(SVM),
extreme
gradient
boosting
(XGB),
backpropagation
neural
network
(BP),
used
this
purpose.
input
factors
included
daily
mean
air
temperature
(Ta),
net
radiation
(Rn),
soil
heat
(G),
evaporative
fraction
(EF),
leaf
area
index
(LAI),
photosynthetic
photon
density
(PPFD),
vapor
pressure
deficit
(VPD),
wind
speed
(U),
atmospheric
(P).
four
models
exhibited
significant
simulation
across
climate
zones,
reflected
by
their
performance
indicator
(GPI)
values
ranging
−3.504
to
0.670
RF,
−3.522
1.616
SVM,
−3.704
0.972
XGB,
−3.654
1.831
BP.
choice
suitable
different
varied
regions.
Specifically,
temperate–continental
zone
(TCCZ),
subtropical–Mediterranean
(SMCZ),
temperate
(TCZ),
BPC-V9,
SVMS-V6,
SVMT-V6
demonstrated
highest
accuracy,
with
average
RMSE
0.259,
0.373,
0.333
mm
d−1,
MAE
0.177,
0.263,
0.248
R2
0.949,
0.819,
0.917,
NSE
0.926,
0.778,
0.899,
respectively.
In
zones
a
lower
LAI
there
was
strong
correlation
between
ET,
making
more
crucial
predictions.
Conversely,
higher
(TCZ,
SMCZ),
significance
reduced.
This
study
recognizes
impact
simulations
highlights
necessity
region-specific
considerations
when
selecting
factor
combinations.
Network,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
5(2), P. 14 - 14
Published: April 21, 2025
The
integration
of
Internet
Things
(IoT)
technology
into
the
agricultural
sector
enables
collection
and
analysis
large
amounts
data,
facilitating
greater
control
over
internal
processes,
resulting
in
cost
reduction
improved
quality
final
product.
One
main
challenges
designing
an
IoT
system
is
need
for
interoperability
among
devices:
different
sensors
collect
information
non-homogeneous
formats,
which
are
often
incompatible
with
each
other.
Therefore,
user
forced
to
use
platforms
software
consult
making
complex
cumbersome.
solution
this
problem
lies
adoption
standard
that
standardizes
output
data.
This
paper
first
provides
overview
standards
protocols
used
precision
farming
then
presents
a
architecture
designed
measurements
from
translate
them
standard.
selected
based
on
state
art
tailored
meet
specific
needs
agriculture.
With
introduction
connector
device,
can
accommodate
any
number
while
maintaining
data
uniform
format.
Each
type
sensor
associated
intercepts
intended
database
translates
it
format
before
forwarding
central
server.
Finally,
examples
real
presented
illustrate
operation
connectors
their
role
interoperable
architecture,
aiming
combine
flexibility
ease
low
implementation
costs.
The
potential
of
generalized
machine
learning
models
developed
for
crop
water
estimation
was
examined
in
the
current
study.
Extreme
Gradient
Boosting
(XGBoost),
Machine
(GBM),
and
Random
Forest
(RF)
are
three
ensembled
that
were
using
all
data
from
a
single
location
1976
to
2017
then
immediately
applied
at
eleven
different
locations
without
need
any
local
calibration.
For
test
period
January
2018
June
2020,
model's
capacity
estimate
numerical
values
requirement
(Pen-man-Monteith
(PM)
ETo
values)
assessed.
In
comparison
GBM
RF
models,
XGBoost
model
outperformed
them
both
marginally
significantly.
estimate's
weighted
standard
error
smaller
than
0.85
mm/day,
effectiveness
varied
96%
99%
across
various
locations.
strong
performance
indicated
by
decreased
noise-to-signal
ratio.
A
real-time
management
system
regional
level
can
be
seamlessly
linked
with
this
type
due
its
accuracy
estimating
requirements
generalize.