Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century

Nature Sustainability, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 2(4), P. 267 - 273

Published: April 9, 2019

Language: Английский

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Resilience (Republished)

Ecology and Society, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 21(4)

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

Resilience thinking in relation to the environment has emerged as a lens of inquiry that serves platform for interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration. is about cultivating capacity sustain development face expected surprising change diverse pathways potential thresholds between them. The evolution resilience coupled social-ecological systems truly intertwined human-environment planet. persistence, adaptability, transformability complex adaptive focus, clarifying dynamic forward-looking nature concept. emphasizes systems, from individual, community, society whole, are embedded biosphere. biosphere connection an essential observation if sustainability be taken seriously. In continuous advancement there efforts aimed at capturing finding ways people institutions govern dynamics improved human well-being, local, across levels scales, global. Consequently, thinking, issues planet, framed context understanding governing part

Language: Английский

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Advancing Urban Ecology toward a Science of Cities

BioScience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 66(3), P. 198 - 212

Published: Feb. 24, 2016

Urban ecology is a field encompassing multiple disciplines and practical applications has grown rapidly. However, the heterogeneous as global inquiry with theoretical conceptual frameworks, variable research approaches, lack of coordination among schools thought foci. Here, we present an international consensus on how urban can advance along directions. There potential for to mature holistic, integrated science systems. Such could better inform decisionmakers who need increased understanding complex relationships social, ecological, economic, built infrastructure To requires synthesis, knowledge data sharing, cross-city comparative research, new intellectual networks, engagement additional disciplines. We consider challenges opportunities dynamics suggest pathways advancing support goals improving sustainability resilience, conserving biodiversity, promoting human well-being urbanizing planet.

Language: Английский

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Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas

Theory and practice of urban sustainability transitions, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2017

This open access book brings together research findings and experiences from science, policy practice to highlight debate the importance of nature-based solutions climate change adaptation

Language: Английский

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Urban resilience: A conceptual framework

Sustainable Cities and Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 50, P. 101625 - 101625

Published: May 31, 2019

Language: Английский

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Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making

BioScience, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 69(6), P. 455 - 466

Published: March 23, 2019

Nature-based solutions offer an exciting prospect for resilience building and advancing urban planning to address complex challenges simultaneously. In this article, we formulated through a coproduction process in workshops held during the first IPCC Cities Climate Science Conference Edmonton, Canada, March 2018, series of synthesis statements on role, potential, research gaps nature-based climate adaptation mitigation. We interlocking questions about evidence knowledge needed integrating into agendas. elaborate ways advance agenda by focusing coproduction, indicators big data, novel financing models. With intend open wider discussion how cities can effectively mainstream mitigate adapt negative effects change future role science coproducing solutions.

Language: Английский

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A review of urban ecosystem services: six key challenges for future research

Ecosystem Services, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 14, P. 98 - 112

Published: May 25, 2015

Language: Английский

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Urban Governance and the Politics of Climate change

World Development, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 93, P. 1 - 15

Published: Feb. 11, 2017

Language: Английский

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Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?

Cities, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 95, P. 102483 - 102483

Published: Oct. 24, 2019

Cities face increasing environmental, social and economic challenges that together threaten the resilience of urban areas residents who live work there. These include chronic stresses acute shocks, amplified by climate change impacts. Nature-based solutions have emerged as a concept for integrating ecosystem-based approaches to address range societal challenges. directly contribute increased resilience. However, implementing nature-based is inherently complex, given ecosystem services, their multi-functionality trade-offs between functions, across temporal spatial scales. Urban planning can play substantial role support implementation manage conflicts, well how equity dimensions are considered. This paper presents framework guides application solutions' implementation, addressing key temporal, spatial, functional aspects. The highlights questions, supporting information required these underpin inclusion We find while substantially, there continuing gaps in anthropocentric processes give voice non-human nature.

Language: Английский

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Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements

One Earth, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 2(2), P. 143 - 156

Published: Feb. 1, 2020

Approximately 1 billion people currently live in informal settlements, primarily urban areas low- and middle-income countries. Informal settlements are defined by poor-quality houses or shacks built outside formal laws regulations. Most lack piped water adequate provision for sanitation, drainage, public services. Many on dangerous sites because their inhabitants have a higher chance of avoiding eviction. This paper considers how to build resilience the impacts climate change settlements. It focuses cities countries these concentrate at-risk populations. also reviews what is being done address In particular, community- city-government-led measures upgrade can enhance climate-change risks serve vulnerable groups. discusses barriers greater scale effectiveness be overcome, including with synergies Sustainable Development Goals. The current population approximately 4.4 globally. About 3.4 centers United Nations (UN) terms "less developed regions."1UN Population DivisionWorld Urbanization Prospects 2018.https://population.un.org/wup/Date: 2018Google Scholar UN projections suggest that growth regions" will over 2 2050 close 90% this increase Asia Africa. means another dwellers require housing, basic services, impacts.1UN At present, termed shacks.2Revi A. Satterthwaite D. Aragón-Durand F. Corfee-Morlot J. Kiunsi R.B.R. Pelling M. Roberts Solecki W. Pahwa Gajjar S. Sverdlik Chapter 8: Urban field.in: Field C.B. Barros V.R. Dokken D.J. Mach K.J. Mastrandrea M.D. Bilir T.E. Chatterjee Ebi K.L. Estrada Y.O. Genova R.C. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability. Part A: Global Sectoral Aspects. Contribution Working Group II Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel Change. Cambridge University Press, 535-612Google fall regulations land ownership, use, buildings. Their illegality makes government agencies unable unwilling work them. These which city governments not extended (IPCC) risk-reducing infrastructure (paved roads, storm surface water, etc.) services relevant (including healthcare, emergency rules law).2Revi ill prepared face particularly high floods landslides as result buildings prevent flooding, withstand heavy storms, cope heat waves.2Revi absence more effective policies, most world's accommodated Given projected rates regions 2050, there an urgent need do so at scale. There vastly expand supply reduce cost "formal" (i.e., legal) housing provides low-income groups safer accessible alternatives heterogeneity among precludes agreement precise definition. term "informal settlement" generally refers develop legal systems intended record ownership tenure enforce compliance relating planning structures, health safety. definition used Organization Economic Co-operation includes "areas where units been constructed occupants no claim occupy illegally" "unplanned building (unauthorized housing)."3Organisation DevelopmentGlossary Statistical Terms.https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1351Date: status, collect data inhabitants. Censuses should able provide detailed but they would define include field household census form marking whether living settlement.4Lilford R.J. Oyebode O. Melendez-Torres G.J. Chen Y.-F. Mberu Watson S.I. Sartori Ndugwa R. Caiaffa et al.The who slums 2; Improving welfare slums.Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (129) Google Official surveys Demographic Health Surveys Program US Agency International Development) sample sizes too small each area settlement.5Vlahov Agarwal Buckley R.M. Teixeira Corvalan C.F. Chika Ezeh Finkelstein Friel Harpham T. Hossain al.Roundtable environment research (RULER).J. Health. 2011; 88: 793-857Crossref PubMed (24) Despite general data, two sources information support estimate first source estimates suggested 880 million "slum dwellers" 2016.6UN-HabitatWorld Cities 2016: Development; Emerging Futures. Human Settlements Programme, 2016Google likely although necessarily same. according contraventions specific laws, rules, regulations, whereas usually basis quality, overcrowding, second city-level case studies it common 30%–50% settlements,7Rojas E. No time waste; applying lessons from Latin America's 50 years policies rapidly urbanizing countries.Environ. Urban. 2018; 31: 177-192Crossref (6) some proportion—for instance, 60% Nairobi,8African Research CenterPopulation Dynamics Nairobi's Settlements: Nairobi Cross-sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2012.2014https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089f240f0b64974000338/NCSS2-FINAL-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar,9Lines K. Makau Muungano nguvu yetu (unity strength): 20 Kenyan federation slum dwellers.https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10807IIED.pdfDate: 2017Google 65% Cairo,10Séjourné Kipper Fischer History Cairo's Areas between Challenges Hidden Potentials: Facts, Voices, Visions. GTZ Cairo, 2009Google 70% Dar es Salaam.11Kiunsi constraints adaptation large development deficits: Salaam City.Environ. 2013; 25: 321-337Crossref (38) A study Mumbai notes "over half city's lives varying infrastructure, income, economy, ethnicity religion, squeezed into whatever space found bridges railways pavements shantytowns" (p. 91).12McFarlane C. Sanitation Mumbai's settlements: state, 'slum' infrastructure.Environ. Plann. 2008; 40: 88-107Crossref (148) One informal-settlement represent 29% total nations billion;1UN therefore, consistent existing data. settlements13Moser C.O.N. Ordinary Families, Extraordinary Lives: Assets Poverty Reduction Guayaquil, 1978-2004. Brookings Institution, Scholar,14Perlman Favela: Four Decades Living Edge Rio de Janeiro. 2010Google city-wide studies,15Karanja I. An enumeration mapping Kisumu, Kenya, implemented inhabitants.Environ. 2010; 22: 217-239Crossref (86) Scholar,16Livengood Kunte Enabling participatory GIS: settlement Cuttack, India.Environ. 2012; 24: 77-97Crossref (43) difficult often hostility outsiders asking questions, street names, maps, registered addresses residents. Data scarcity therefore remains central challenge. Although response many either ignore them bulldoze them,2Revi worked successfully upgrading programs secure tenure, improve install needed Such focus addressing extent change. Defining Resilience concern applied Climate-Change Risks describes why related Building through Upgrading Initiatives review approaches measures, risks. Addressing Barriers might overcome. Synergies Goals relevance (SDGs) helping final Conclusions section draws conclusions, new funding models other local actors act upon Within broader debates around adaptation, has growing interest communities broadest sense, capacity ability something, someone, group anticipate, accommodate, cope, adapt, transform when exposed specified hazards. IPCC's (and populations, enterprises, governments) depend reduce, recover effects hazardous event timely efficient manner.2Revi much overlap 100 Resilient initiative's individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, within survive, grow matter kinds chronic stresses acute shocks experience.17ARUPCity Index.https://www.arup.com/perspectives/city-resilience-indexDate: 2014Google Thus, "city function, working cities—particularly poor vulnerable—survive thrive encounter" 11).17ARUPCity context definitions resilience, Figure identifies resilience-building highlights ways informal-settlement-upgrading hazards, risk reducing exposure Anticipatory households avoid climate-change-related risks, safe location, having safe, structurally sound house, infrastructure. Reducing disaster anticipatory its focus, accommodating recovering seeks "bounce back" previous state.18Shaw Theobald interventions UK.Local Environ. 16: 1-15Crossref (57) "Bouncing requires restore key repair Bouncing forward, contrast, part IPCC transformative integrated development, disaster-risk reduction, climate-change-adaptation investments understanding mitigation sustainable ecological footprints (as discussed section). limits however. As noted 1, certain hazards cannot addressed programs.19Oppenheimer Campos Warren Birkmann Luber G. O'Neill B. Takahashi Emergent vulnerabilities.in: 1039-1099Google Flood watershed management wider region, far beyond settlement's boundaries scope programs, one such example. residual remain after all needs For different scales range measures. individuals homes, assets, livelihoods), neighborhoods, settlement-city links, settlement-city-regional links. scales, mixes exist settlement-city-region links especially important depends flood control boundaries. Land-use associated responsibilities governments. But deficits substantial proportion vulnerability highly concentrated settlements; floodplains alongside rivers steep slopes.2Revi resilience. Here falls households, community organizations issues without external support. Reviewing five Assessments undertaken since 1990 reveals time, increasing attention both mitigation. (Working II) was notable global assessment chapter focusing only coverage than assessments—in contained literature change.2Revi "urban vulnerabilities, across world sizes, economic conditions, site characteristics" "much emerging areas" 538).2Revi "rapid urbanization rapid accompanied extreme weather" "… rising sea levels surges, stress, precipitation, inland coastal landslides, drought, increased aridity, scarcity, air pollution widespread negative health, livelihoods, assets) national economies ecosystems" report further "these amplified those essential inadequate adaptation" concerns were Summary Policymakers authors advised practitioners policymakers,20Bazaz Bertoldi P. Buckeridge Cartwright Coninck H. Engelbrecht Jacob Hourcade J.-C. Klaus Kleijne al.Summary policymakers—what Special Warming 1.5°C cities. Indian Institute Settlements, 2018https://doi.org/10.24943/SCPM.2018Crossref drawing 1.5°C.21Intergovernmental ChangeSummary policymakers.in: Masson-Delmotte V. Zhai Pörtner O.-H. Skea Shukla P.R. Pirani Moufouma-Okia Péan Pidcock 1.5°C. warming above pre-industrial greenhouse gas emission pathways, strengthening threat change, efforts eradicate poverty. World Meteorological Organization, summarizes average temperature warming: human death illness expected pathways directly attributable exacerbated islands, amplification waves, weather volatility, floods, droughts, inundation, vector-borne diseases malaria dengue fever.20Bazaz Scholar,21Intergovernmental Impacts natural systems—including degradation loss species repercussions regional food security, forests, systems—will affect centers. knowledge gaps 2.0°C compared 1.5°C; "effects level, well linkages poverty, equity, well-being" 11).20Bazaz emphasized spectrum issues,2Revi summarized 2. high-income nations, almost homes list meets contributes base increased. By neighborhoods little indicates sufficient forward" event.2Revi

Language: Английский

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