In
citrus
fruits,
phases
I
and
II
of
fruit
growth
are
sensitive
to
water
deficit,
for
this
reason,
deficit
irrigation
(DI)
has
been
usually
restricted
the
final
ripening
phase.However,
optimal
timing
intensity
stress
during
have
not
clearly
defined.The
main
objective
was
determine
sensitivity
second
stage
in
adult
mandarin
trees,
explore
suitability
different
soil
plant
status
indicators,
including
leaf-scale
spectrum,
according
level.Four
treatments
were
tested:
a
control
(CTL)
irrigated
at
~
80%
ET
c
entire
crop
cycle,
three
suppression
treatments,
which
no
applied
end
phase
beginning
(DI
1
),
half
2
III
3
respectively.Phase
can
be
considered
as
non-critical
phenological
period
until
reaches
approximately
60%
its
size,
with
application
using
an
threshold
midday
stem
potential
-1.8
MPa,
cumulative
integral
close
28
MPa
day.The
novel
visible
infrared
ratio
index
(VIRI)
showed
high
trees
subjected
moderate
severe
complementarily
used
estimate
on
larger
temporal
spatial
scale
status.Wavelengths
short-wave
(SWIR)
region
allowed
differentiation
between
non-stressed,
moderately,
severely
water-stressed
initial
basis
determining
various
intensities
by
remote
sensing.
Biogeotechnics,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
1(4), P. 100040 - 100040
Published: Sept. 9, 2023
The
increasing
emission
of
greenhouse
gases
such
as
CO2,
CH4,
and
N2O
from
the
soil
has
become
a
growing
concern
globally.
To
address
this
issue,
biochar
emerged
an
environmentally
friendly
amendment
that
can
affect
gas
permeability
reduce
emissions.
biochar-soil-plant
system
exhibits
complicated
interaction
promotes
plant
productivity
root
elongation,
further
impacting
objective
paper
is
to
provide
comprehensive
review
effects
on
consequently
in
vegetated
soil.
begins
by
discussing
basic
characteristics
its
impact
microstructure.
It
then
explores
both
non-vegetated
mechanisms
through
which
influences
are
explained
terms
modified
aeration,
water
holding
capacity,
adsorption,
pH,
available
nutrients,
activity
microbes
enzymes.
role
plants
biochar-amended
also
analysed
comparing
group
with
non-vegetation
group.
includes
discussion
various
methods
used
measure
permeability,
steady-state
transient
methods,
well
measurement
techniques,
chamber
micrometeorological
methods.
Finally,
future
research
directions
proposed
highlight
corresponding
roots
biochar-induced
variation
emission.
Scientia Horticulturae,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
324, P. 112572 - 112572
Published: Oct. 17, 2023
In
order
to
increase
the
crop
water
productivity
(WPc)
of
agricultural
systems,
and
support
farmers
in
minimizing
uncertainty
availability,
we
conducted
a
three-years
experiment
commercial
adult
mandarin
orchard
quantify
effect
sustained
severe
deficit
irrigation
combination
with
use
geotextile
mulch
on
agronomic
physiological
response
crop.
For
this
purpose,
five
treatments
were
tested:
(i)
control
(CTL)
irrigated
at
100%
evapotranspiration
(ETc)
during
entire
season;
ii)
(SDI),
∼70%
CTL;
(iii)
regulated
(RDI),
as
SDI,
except
initial
period
second
fruit
growth
stage,
when
trees
35%
CTL,
maintaining
moderate
stress
level
around
–1.5
MPa
stem
potential
(Ψs),
until
fruits
reached
70%
their
final
size.
addition,
two
established,
using
same
criteria
SDI
RDI
treatments.
The
available
supplied
about
66%
evapotranspiration,
but
if
it
is
managed
under
regime
incorporation
mulching
possible
sustainability
reduce
pressure
over
resources.
Since
did
not
yield
respect
CTL
treatment,
increased
WPc
by
significantly
status
soil
crop,
thus
reducing
intensity
18%
average,
which
was
expressed
higher
leaf
gas
exchange
rate
also
factor
that
production
variables
WPc.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
912, P. 169272 - 169272
Published: Dec. 21, 2023
Crop
diversification
can
enhance
farm
economic
sustainability
while
reducing
the
negative
impact
on
environment
and
ecosystem
services
related.
Despite
market
non-market
benefits
of
crop
diversification,
monocropping
is
a
widely
used
dominant
practice
in
Europe.
In
this
context,
works
aims
to
assess
overall
several
systems
across
Europe
compared
it
system.
For
purpose,
an
valuation
by
integrating
values
for
eight
case
studies
distributed
three
different
European
pedoclimatic
regions
(Southern
Mediterranean,
Northern
Mediterranean
Boreal)
proposed.
The
was
conducted
both
short
medium-long
term.
short-term
we
social
gross
margin
analysis,
term
cost-benefit
analysis
developed.
results
show
improvement
margins
most
scenarios
assessed
when
environmental
socio-cultural
are
considered
short-term.
medium
long-term
transformation
cropping
towards
more
diversified
agriculture
encouraged
greater
benefits.
These
provide
first
insight
global
performance
systems,
whose
main
contribution
relies
integration
from
diversification.
They
expected
be
useful
guiding
policy
makers
promote
practices
as
key
instrument
building
resilience
farming
adaptive
management
climate
change.
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
361, P. 108826 - 108826
Published: Nov. 25, 2023
Given
the
current
degradation
problems
that
Mediterranean
soils
endure,
implementation
of
alley
cropping
in
olive
orchards
has
been
suggested
as
a
sustainable
strategy
to
increase
agricultural
productivity
and
improve
carbon
storage
soil
fertility.
Therefore,
objective
this
study
was
evaluate
short
term
(3
years)
effect
with
minimum
tillage
versus
conventional
traditional
rainfed
grove
on
organic
carbon,
total
nitrogen
concentrations,
stocks.
Changes
quality
through
stratification
index,
success
4‰
these
type
management
were
also
evaluated.
Three
intercropping
strategies
tested:
Crocus
sativus
(D-S),
Vicia
sativa
Avena
rotation
(D-O),
Lavandula
x
intermedia
(D-L),
all
without
intercropping,
which
used
control.
Intercropping
increased
topsoil
(0–10
cm)
by
41.1,
28.5,
30.5%
for
D-S,
D-O,
D-L,
respectively,
compared
tillage.
At
depth
10–30
cm,
stock
slightly,
although
significant
differences
found
only
D-L.
In
diversified
plots,
did
not
vary.
However,
due
fertilisation.
Concerning
quality,
no
observed
when
evaluating
index
any
treatments.
reached
objectives
set
initiative
an
per
hectare
year
80,
87.4,
86.4%
respectively.
based
results,
term,
treatment
enhances
soils,
effectively
achieving
initiative.
Research Square (Research Square),
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 19, 2025
Abstract
Effective
and
large-scale
monitoring
of
agroforestry
(AF)
systems
is
essential
to
assess
the
environmental
benefits
support
sustainable
land
management
strategies.
However,
a
standardized
method
for
classifying
these
using
satellite
imagery
still
missing.
Here,
we
present
novel
operational
framework
classify
into
three
categories—Alley
cropping,
Scattered
agroforestry,
Hedgerows—and
distinguish
from
Cropland
without
trees,
Natural
Orchards.
The
proposed
procedure
relies
on
classification
tree
based
photo-interpretation
imagery.
accuracy
robustness
this
were
evaluated
by
five
interpreters
across
300
non-agroforestry
plots
spanning
all
continents.
Results
show
that
accurately
distinguishes
categories
one
another
systems,
with
an
overall
ranging
0.75
0.81
depending
interpreter.
After
eliminating
interpreters’
errors,
potential
increases
0.86.
While
hedgerows
classified
in
most
cases
omission
error
2%
no
commission
(0%),
study
revealed
challenges
differentiating
between
Alley
cropping
Orchards
which
frequently
confounded.
Similarly,
also
misclassified
as
trees
leading
19%
class.
Despite
limitations,
represents
valuable
tool
systems.
Future
adaptations
could
address
regional
specificities,
further
improving
its
applicability
accuracy.
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
4(2)
Published: May 8, 2025
ABSTRACT
Monocrop
of
mandarin
leading
to
reduced
soil
biodiversity
and
functionality
that
must
be
changed
a
sustainable
agriculture
practice
such
as
alley
cropping.
In
this
study
an
attempt
has
been
made
assess
how
two
different
cropping
strategies
promote
bacterial
diversity,
microbial
activities
the
abundance
beneficial
bacteria.
Three
treatments
were
established:
(i)
monoculture
(MC);
(ii)
diversified
with
barley/vetch
(summer)
fava
bean
(winter)
for
3
consecutive
years
(DIV1);
(iii)
bean,
purslane
cowpea
(DIV2).
Results
reveal
did
not
significantly
affect
alfa‐diversity
indices,
but
beta‐diversity
showed
significant
differences
among
three
treatments,
indicating
changes
in
community.
Specific
genera
Haliangium,
Microbacterium,
Pseudonocardia,
Solirubrobacter
Sphingomonas
,
known
plant
growth‐promoting
bacteria,
higher
relative
abundances
DIV1
DIV2
than
MC.
The
genus
Novosphingobium
DIV2,
while
MND1
DIV1.
Regarding
potential
gene
related
C
N
cycling
at
end
experiment,
only
manB
(hemicellulose
degradation)
MC,
nifH
(N
fixation),
amoA
hao
(nitrification)
values
DIV2.
Enzyme
lower
Most
observed
diversification
sequence
crops
every
year
(DIV1),
rather
repeating
same
These
(DIV1
DIV2)
seem
effective
strategy
enhance
bacteria
increased
activity
fixation
nitrification.